AIRCRAFT AND JET PROPULSION SYSTEMS

- By: Ajith .J. Deshpande USN:1RC09ME006 SEM:VIII A! "Me#h$ C%&&e'e: SRSI(

Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

History of Jet Engines Introduction Parts Of Jet Engine How A Jet Engine works y!es Of Jet Engine
5.1 "a#$et 5.2 ur%o$et 5.3 ur%ofan 5.4 ur%o!ro! 5.5 ur%os&aft

Continued . . .
'. Jet Engine (s "ockets ). *cra#$ets +. *uggestion ,or I#!ro-e#ent 12. .erits And /e#erits 13. Conc0usion 14. ,uture (ision 15. 1i%0iogra!&y

1.History Of Jet Engines

&e first $et engine was %ui0t %y

Egyptian scientists during 122 1.C.

&e de-ice was known as Aeo0i!i0e

and used stea# !ower directed t&roug& two no330es to cause a s!&ere to s!in ra!id0y on its a4is
It was not used for su!!0ying

#ec&anica0 !ower and was si#!0y considered a curiosity

Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir Frank

Whittle were t&e !ioneers %e&ind today5s $et engines.

2.Introduction
&e ter# $et engine 0oose0y refers to an Interna0 Co#%ustion Air 1reat&ing Jet Engine 6a duct engine7. &ese ty!ica00y consist of an engine wit& a rotary 6rotating7 air co#!ressor !owered %y a tur%ine 681rayton cyc0e879 wit& t&e 0efto-er !ower !ro-iding t&rust -ia a !ro!e00ing no330e.

Jet engine is not&ing %ut a :as tur%ine. It works under t&e !rinci!0e of ;ewton5s t&ird 0aw w&ic& states t&at <,or e-ery acting force t&ere is an e=ua0 and o!!osite force>.

1"A? O; C?C@E
1A2 Isentropic co#!ression 6in a co#!ressor7 2A3 Constant !ressure &eat addition

3A4 Isentropic e4!ansion 6in a tur%ine7

3.Parts Of Jet Engine

,A; CO.P"E**O" CO.1C* O" C"1I;E .IDE" ;OEE@E

4.How A Jet Engine Forks G

Jet engines !ro!e0s an aircraft forward wit& a great force

w&ic& is !roduced %y a tre#endous t&rust fro# t&e#9 &ence a00owing t&e !0ane to f0y.

Continued . . .
Air Intake
sucked in %y t&e co#!ressor

,ue0 1urner
,ue0 is #i4ed wit& t&e air9

Co#!ressor
series of -anes and stators. &e -anes rotate9 w&i0e t&e stator re#ains stationary. co#!ressor s!eed and te#!erature increases gradua00y

and e0ectric s!arks 0ig&t t&e #i4ture causing it to co#%ust.

Co#%ustion C&a#%er
&e air is %urnt a0ong wit& fue0. Hence increasing t&e te#!erature and !ressure of t&e air inside t&e engine.

Continued..
Turbine

Works like a windmill The blades gain energy from the hot gases moving past them. This movement is used to power the compressor.

Jet Pipe and Propelling Nozzle

The hot air rushes out of the nozzle. high pressure ot air rushes out at very high speed

5. y!es Of Jet Engines

1. Ramjet 2. !r"ojet #. !r"o$an %. !r"oprop &. !r"o sha$t

5.1 "a#$et

It &as no #o-ing !arts. Its co#!ression ratio de!ends forward s!eed. on

&ey consist of t&ree sectionsH an in0et to co#!ressed onco#ing air9 a co#%ustor to in$ect and co#%ust fue09 and a no330e

"e=uire a re0ati-e0y &ig& s!eed to efficient0y co#!ress t&e onco#ing air. &ey are #ost efficient at su!ersonic s!eeds9 It &as no static t&rust guidedA#issi0e syste#s9 -e&ic0es use t&is ty!e of $et *!ace

5.2

ur%o$et
&e tur%o$et engine is a reaction engine. A tur%o$et engine works %y co#!ressing air wit& an in0et and a co#!ressor9 #i4ing fue0 wit& t&e co#!ressed air9 %urning t&e #i4ture in t&e co#%ustor9 and t&en !assing t&e &ot9 &ig& !ressure air t&roug& a tur%ine and a no330e *u%stantia0 increases in t&rust can %e o%tained %y e#!0oying an after%urner Csed in fig&ter !0anes9 and were

"ecent ur%o$et Engine

&e Rolls'Royce(Snecma Olymp!s &)# was

a re&eated 6after%urning7 tur%o$et w&ic& !owered t&e su!ersonic air0iner Concorde.

*eneral characteristics ype+ ur%o$et ,ength+ 423I ## 615I in7 Diameter+ 1212 ## 64).)5 in7 Dry -eight+ 31)5 kg 6)9222 0%7

5.3

ur%ofan
A tur%ofan engine is a gas tur%ine engine t&at is -ery si#i0ar to a tur%o$et. ur%ofans differ fro# tur%o$ets as t&ey &a-e an additiona0 co#!onent9 a fan &e o%$ecti-e of t&is sort of %y!ass syste# is to increase t&rust wit&out increasing fue0 consu#!tion.

It ac&ie-es t&is %y increasing t&e tota0 airA#ass f0ow and reducing t&e -e0ocity wit&in t&e sa#e tota0 energy su!!0y.

ANIMA(I)N )* AIR *+), IN (URB)*AN EN-INE

5.4

ur%o!ro!
A tur%o!ro! engine is a $et engine attac&ed to a !ro!e00er. .a$ority of t&eir t&rust is fro# t&e !ro!e00er9 t&oug& &otA$et e4&aust is an i#!ortant design !oint9 and #a4i#u# t&rust is o%tained %y #atc&ing t&rust contri%utions of t&e !ro!e00er to t&e &ot $et. .odern tur%o!ro! engines are e=ui!!ed wit& !ro!e00ers t&at &a-e a s#a00er dia#eter %ut a 0arger nu#%er of %0ades for efficient o!eration at #uc&

5.5

ur%os&aft
ur%os&aft engines are -ery si#i0ar to

tur%o!ro!s9 differing in t&at near0y a00 energy in t&e e4&aust is e4tracted to s!in t&e rotating s&aft.

&ey t&erefore generate 0itt0e to no $et

t&rust.

It does not dri-e a !ro!e00er and

!ro-ides !ower for a &e0ico!ter rotor.

It !er#its t&e rotor s!eed to %e ke!t

constant e-en w&en t&e s!eed of t&e generator is -aried .

'. Jet Engines (s "ockets

Jet Engine O4ygen fro# at#os!&ere for co#%ustion Fork on0y in at#os!&ere @i=uid fue0 Hig& *!ecific I#!u0se Co#!0e4 *tructure Hig& Efficiency Rockets Carry t&eir own o4ygen for co#%ustion

Fork in -acuu# and at#os!&ere 0i=uid or so0id fue0 @ow *!ecific I#!u0se *i#!0e *tructure @ow Efficiency

).*cra#$ets
A scramjet 6supersonic

combustion ramjet7 is a -ariant of a ra#$et air%reat&ing $et engine in w&ic& co#%ustion takes !0ace in su!ersonic airf0ow. t&ree %asic co#!onentsJ a con-erging in0et9 w&ere inco#ing air is co#!ressed and dece0eratedH a co#%ustor9 w&ere gaseous fue0 is %urned wit& at#os!&eric o4ygen to !roduce &eatH and a di-erging no330e9 w&ere t&e &eated air is acce0erated to !roduce t&rust.

&e scra#$et is co#!osed of

+. *uggestion ,or I#!ro-e#ent

E#!0oy acti-e coo0ing

/esigning %etter #ateria0s and a00oys w&ic& retain t&eir

strengt& at &ig& te#!eratures

*#art structures K *tructure and #ateria0 w&ic& c&ange

t&eir s&a!es and !ro!erties in f0ig&t.

/esign engines w&ic& switc& fro# scra#$ets to ra#$ets.

I. .erits And /e#erits

.erits o$ /et Engine over I0 Engine

Demerits O$ /et Engines Over I0 engine

.ec&anica0 efficiency of $et engine is &ig& as co#!ared to IC engine.

&er#a0 efficiency of Jet engine is 0ow co#!ared to IC engine /ifficu0t to start ur%ine %0ades need a s!ecia0 coo0ing syste# due &ig& te#!erature

Feig&t and s!eed of $et engine

!er HP de-e0o!ed is &ig&er t&an IC engine.

Ignition

and 0u%ricating syste#s are #uc& si#!0er in $et engine t&an IC engine.

12. Conc0usion
;or#a0 ty!e of $et engine is used for do#estic !ur!ose i.e.

ra-e0ing9 carrying goods etc.

"a# and scra# ty!e of $et engines used in on0y in /efence

sector. 1ecause it tra-e0s at su!ersonic s!eed and genera00y &ig& 0e-e0 of training is re=uired.

*ince it tra-e0s at suc& a s!eed it is can not used for

tra-e0ing and &ence tur%ofan engines are used. of t&e engines.

@ot of i#!ro-e#ent and sco!e e4ists to #a4i#i3e efficiency

11. ,uture (ision

Aircraft with: De#.eased '.%ss &i/t 0 %// 1ei'ht 2 S3a&&e. /a#i&ities 4 easie. hand&in' +eadin' t% hi'he. sa/ety *&i'hts #an 5e a5%.ted6 1hi&es the 7ehi#&e '&ides 5a#8 t% ea.th Missi%ns #an 5e 3%.e /&e9i5&e ,ide. .an'e %/ e3e.'en#y &andin' sites /%. inta#t a5%.t

12. 1i%0iogra!&y
1ooks re$erre2
E0e#ents of Pro!u0sion 9 :as tur%ines and rocketsA Jack./..atting0y Aircraft !ro!u0sion and gas tur%ine enginesA A&#ed ,.E0 sayed 1asic and a!!0ied t&er#odyna#icsAP.L.;ag Interna0 co#%ustion enginesA .at&ur and *&ar#a C0ti#ate -isua0 dictionary K /.L. !u%0ications

Internet links
&tt!JMMscience.&owstuffworks.co#Mtrans!ortMf0ig&tM#odernMtur%ine.&t# &tt!JMMen.wiki!edia.orgMwikiMJetNengine &tt!JMM www.goog0e.co# &tt!JMM www.%oeing.co# &tt!JMM www.$et engine.co# B&tt!JMMwww.nasa.go-