DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF OFFSHORE

STRUCTURES BY USING FINITE ELEMENT

METHOD
ABSTRACT
In the present work the three dimensional analysis of offshore structures
are carried out to find the dynamic response of Jacket offshore
platforms. A new exact stiffness matrix is used to model the pile
element to consider the effect of soil-structure interaction. The
superstructure members are modeled as three-dimensional beam
element. The dynamic analysis of offshore structures under the effect of
wave loads and ship's berthing impact loads is considered in the
analysis. Newmark direct integration technique is used to solve the
dynamic equilibrium equations by using ANSYS software program.
Morison's equation and Airy's linear wave theory are employed to
calculate the wave loads. Added mass effects also considered in the
analysis to account for non-linear inertia term in Morison's equation.
The non-linear drag coefficient effect is neglected in the analysis. Free
and forced vibration analyses are carried out for two case studies. The
first case is an actual jacket platform, which is analyzed to wave loads
only, and the second is Al-Amaya Berthing dolphin, which is, analyzed
to wave forces and ship's berthing impact loads. General oriented wave
propagation is used in the analysis of offshore platform and different
sea states are considered in the analysis.
INTRODUCTION
The term offshore is usually taken to mean that part of the ocean where the
present mud line is below the level of the lowest astronomical tide
There are two basic types of structures, these are gravity and pile
supported structures, the choice of the material depends on the type of
the structure, but in general steel is used for pile- supported structures,
where as concrete for gravity structures, although a combination of
steel and concrete structures has been considered
In a pilesupported offshore structure which is also called a jacket
platform, cylindrical tubular members are commonly used in offshore
structure which is the type used as case study in tow location
imaginary structure I North sea and Al Amayaa Berthing dolphin
Basic sourses of Loading on Offshore Structures are :
1- Wave loads
2- Impact Loads
3- Wind Loads
4- Earthquake Loads


SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION
In present study the model adopted to cover the problem of soil structure
interaction is the simplified Winkler model with one parameter the
represent beam element embedded in soil with 6 D.O.F. for each node, I
derive an exact solution for the D.E. of axial, torsion and bending
problems in 3.D. for each element and then assemblage these finite
elements to represent full length of the pile embedded in soil.
Dynamic Behavior of Piles
When a pile vibrates, its stiffness is modified and damping is generated
through interaction of the pile with the surrounding soil. These
phenomena are very complex and least understood. The variation of
stiffness and damping is strongly dependent on the frequency . In some
cases an extra mass has been added to represent part of the soil.
Winkler Model
This foundation model has been used for a century . It assumes that the
foundation applies a reaction (from soil medium) normal to the beam,
which is directly proportional to the deflection under the beam that is:
a- For bending ( Normal Reaction Modulus)
q= = Kn*y(x)
b- Shear Reaction Modulus
= Ks*w(x)
c- Torsion Reaction Modulus
= K * (x)



































WINKLER MODEL REPRESENTATION FOR TYPICAL PILE SUBJECTED TO
MULTI TYPES OF PROBABLE LOADS AND THEIR ACTUAL RESISTANCE
MODELING AND MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
Finite Element Method and representation of Dynamic Equation of
Offshore structure
[M] {u"} + [C] {u'} +[K] {u} = {F (t)}
The stiffness, Mass, and Damping matrix of the elements above the Mud
Line is illustrated normally in most of books of finite elements and
structural matrix and the stiffness matrix of the beam element
embedded in soil media can be derived by solving the D.E. for each
DOF and assemble the results for general 3D pile element including
soil-structure interaction can be obtained as:



[K
e
]=


where: - T
1
=
)) ( sin ) ( (sinh L
)) cos( ) sin( ) sinh( ) (cosh( EI 2
2 2
| |
| | | | |
=
L
EI 4
at | =0.00
T
2
=
)) ( sin ) ( (sinh L
)) cos( ) sinh( ) sin( ) (cosh( EI 2
2 2
| |
| | | | |
=
L
EI 2
at | =0.00
T
3
=
)) ( sin ) ( (sinh L
)) cosh( ) sinh( ) sin( ) (cos( EI 4
2 2 3
3
| |
| | + | | |
=
3
L
EI 12
at | =0.00
T
4
=
)) ( sin ) ( (sinh L
)) cos( ) sinh( ) sin( ) (cosh( EI 4
2 2 3
3
| |
| | + | | |
=
3
L
EI 12
at | =0.00
T
5
=
)) ( sin ) ( (sinh L
)) cos( ) ( sin ) ( (sinh EI 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
| |
| | + | |
=
2
L
EI 6
at | =0.00
T
6
=
)) ( sin ) ( (sinh L
)) sin( ). (sinh( EI 4
2 2 2
2
| |
| | |
=
2
L
EI 6
at | =0.00

T
7
=E.A..coth (.L) T
8
=G.J..coth (. L)
T
9
=- E.A.
) . sinh( L |
|
T
10
=-G.J.
) . sinh( L o
o


ELEMENT FORCE VECTOR
For an offshore platform the most important loads are the hydrodynamic loading
and impact loads which are included in this study. These hydrodynamic
forces are governed by sea waves while impacts are usually occurs during
berthing of ships.
Morsons Eq.
The well-known Morison Equation is the semi empirical formula to calculate the
wave loads which is represent the load exerted on a vertical cylinder , which
assumes that the total force on an object in the waves is the sum of drag and
inertia force components. This assumption (introduced by Morison) takes the
drag term as a function of velocity and inertia force as a function of
acceleration so that::



which can be simplified to:



MORSONS EQ.

this Equation neglect the non-linear terms of drag coefficient while it
considers the added mass concept instead of non-linear terms of inertia
force
Then the vector force will be :







{F(s)}=.
2
D .
4
t
.C
m
. {
n
v'
(s)}+
2

.D. C
d
.{
n
v (s)}.{ ) s ( v
n
}
HYDRODYNAMICS OF WATER WAVES
HYDRODYNAMICS OF WATER WAVES
Airys linear wave theory is used to find velocities and accelerations for the
wave equation ( Laplaces Eq.) on each node for the finite element
model and used these velocities and accelerations in Morison's Eq.
above to find nodal forces subjected on offshore structure (Jacket type
platforms which is adopted in the study.
Applicable if : (H>>L, h).
Velocities in x, z directions ( y dir. Is the vertical coordinate ) according to
Airys Linear wave thery is:




And accelerations are :



V
x
=
x c
| c
= ) t . kx cos( .
) kh sinh(
)] h z ( k cosh[
.
T
H .
O
+ t

V
z
=
z c
| c
= ) t . kx sin( .
) kh sinh(
)] h z ( k sinh[
.
T
H .
O
+ t

a
x
=
t
v
x
c
c
= ) t . kx sin( .
) kh sinh(
)] h z ( k cosh[
.
T
H . . 2
x t
2
2 2
O
+ t
=
c c
| c
a
z
=
t
v
z
c
c
= ) t . kx sin( .
) kh sinh(
)] h z ( k cosh[
.
T
H . . 2
z t
2
2 2
O
+ t
=
c c
| c
FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND NORMAL MODES
Free vibration analysis is obtained to verify which mode is important as
compared to the other modes for each two structures , for the
imaginary model in north sea the first four vibration modes is obtained
as:
1- Sway Mode








































FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND NORMAL MODES
2- Torsion Mode
FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND NORMAL MODES
FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND NORMAL MODES
4- Axial Mode
DYNAMICS ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDIES
Newmarks implicit are used to find the dynamic response of the structure
to wave, and impact loads.
1- Pile Support type and length of pile and its effecting on the natural
frequency and deflection.

WAVE LOAD TIME HISTORY ON SPECIFIED NODE ON DECK
2
ND
. CASE OF STUDY AL-AMAYAA BERTHING DOLPHIN
FIRST AND SECOND FREE VIBRATION MODES


THIRD AND FOURTH FREE VIBRATION MODES
EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL VELOCITY AS
COMPARED TO FLUID VELOCITY AT SPECIFIED
EFFECT OF UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED WINKLER
SPRINGS AS COMPARED TO ISOLATED NODED ONE


IMPACT FORCE ON AL-AMAYAA BERTHING DOLPHIN
CONCLUSIONS
The basic points which can be obtained by bresent stuy is:-
1- A new stiffness matrix is used to find the dynamic response of offshore
structures, which is stiffer than isolated spring's model to model the
piles.
2- Boundary conditions and length of piles have an important effect on the
response of deck displacement and then on the entire structure. This
effect will vanish, as the pile length is increased until to a specified
length where the increasing of pile length does not change the
response for all types of restrained in pile tip.
3- For different values of pile lengths, when the pile tip is fixed or hinged
the deck displacement is decreased with increasing pile length, while it
increased when the pile tip is a spring
4- No large errors occur if the non-linear drag term in Morison's equation is
linearized by neglecting the structural velocity, it is small in comparison
to fluid velocity.




ANY QUESTIONS