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Introduction to Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers made up of rows and columns.
The size of a matrix is given as m x n
m is the number of rows to the matrix. n is the number of columns to the matrix.
To indicate an individual entry in a matrix A, we use aij where i = row and j = column. The general form of a mxn matrix has the form indicated here. A square m x n matrix is a matrix where m = n. That is the number of rows equals the number of columns
Introduction to Matrices
Equality of Matrices
Two matrices A and B are equal if
They have the same size and There corresponding entries are equal.
Introduction to Matrices
Matrix Addition and Subtraction
Two matrices can be added and subtracted only if they have the same size. Example 1: A + B and A B Example 2: A + B and A B
Introduction To Matrices
Matrix Multiplication
Multiplying two matrices requires how you multiply a row vector times a column vector. Example 5: Compute AB For the matrix product AB to exist, the number of columns of A must be equal to the number of rows of B. If A has size m x n and B has size n x p, then the product AB has size m x p.
The number of row and column vectors that must be multiplied together is mp. The ijth element of AB is the vector product of the ith row of A and the jth column of B.
Introduction to Matrices
Multiplicative Properties of Matrices
Let A, B, and C be matrices whose sizes are multiplicatively compatible, c a scalar. (AB)C = A(BC) matrix multiplication is associative A(B + C) = AB + AC (A + B)C = AC + BC c(AB) = (cA)B = A(cB)
Introduction to Matrices
Addition Identity Matrices
The additive identity has all entries of zero. It is called the zero matrix. If A is mxn then the zero matix is mxn. The zero matrix is called 0. A+0=0+A=A
Introduction to Matrices
Determinants
The determinant of a matrix is a real number. The determinant of a 2x2 matrix. Example 10: Find the determinant Example 11: Find the determinant Note: the determinant of a 1x1 matrix is just the value of the entry. A =[3] then |A| = 3. You can calculate the determinant of any nxn matrix
Introduction to Matrices
Matrix Inverses
The additive inverse of a matrix is obvious. You want A + B = 0, where B is the inverse. That is B = -A. The more difficult to find, and not always exists, is the multiplicative inverse.
The matrix A must be nxn (a square matrix) Notation of the inverse. The inverse for the 2x2 matrix is fairly simple to find. The B is the inverse of A the AB = BA = I. (I call it B here because this stupid program doesnt allow exponents) Example 12: Find inverse. Note: For the matrix A, the inverse exists if det(A) 0. Example 13: Find Inverse. Example 14: Find Inverse
Introduction to Matrices
Matrices with Modular Arithmetic
For a matrix A with entries aij we way that A MOD m is the matrix where the MOD operation is applied to each entry: aij MOD m. Example 15: Compute matrix MOD 26. Example 16: Find A + B and A B MOD 5 Example 17: 3A MOD 13 Example 18: Product AB MOD 26
Introduction to Matrices
Finding the inverse of a matrix in modular arithmetic.
Example 19: Find the inverse of a matrix Example 20: Determine if inverse exists. Example 21: Solve the system of equations