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Phonology Chapter 5
This lecture
What speakers memorize about the sounds of words. The speech sounds that speakers produce when they utter.
What speakers store in memory about the sounds of language, and how they translate these patterns into speech sounds.. Phonology
Phonetics -- What are the sounds? How are they made in the vocal tract?
Phonetics deals with the physical properties of the elements of the sound system, e.g. how the sound is physically produced. Phonology deals with the sound systems languages
How speech are organized into systems in different languages How sounds are combined The relation between them and how they affect each other.
Definition of Phonology
The description of the systems and patterns speech sounds in a language. Concerned with abstract or mental aspects of speech sounds.
Phonetics- [t] a voiceless alveolar stop Phonology- tuck, stuck, cut and duck.
Phonology
Which sound sequences might be a word in our language thrim/blamp vs. gdit/rpukn How to pronounce words we never heard before Change foreign words to pattern like the words in our language We know how to apply rules to words we never heard before
Top
stop
little
kitten
hunter
The [t] is different in each word. [t] in top is aspirated and non-aspirated in stop American English [t] a flap in little [t] in kitten is a glottal stop American English there is no [t] in hunter
The phoneme
The smallest speech sound that distinguishes meaning. Its serves to create meaning differences, e.g. /t/ is different than /d/. The phoneme is an abstract term, specific to a particular language. It forms the structure of sound system in a language.
Phonemes
Consonant chart lists phonemes in English The terms that are used in creating the chart are called features which are marked by sign + & E.g [b] + voice + bilabial +stop [s] voice + alveolar + fricative
Phonemes
Natural class.
Sounds that have features in common behave phonologically in similar ways.
The allophone
Each phoneme may have different realisations depending on the context in which it is found.
seen is produced with spread lips, as /i/ follows. soon is realised with rounded lips, to prepare for the following rounded vowel, /u/.
Allophones of /t/
There are more [t]s than you know Example: the [t] in time is aspirated, but that in stop is not. aspiration= pause + air release prior to next sound All these are allophones of the phoneme /t/. These differences are usually expressed using phonological rules.
word
1
transcriptio context n
stop
time
[stp]
[tajm]
After [s]
Syllable initial Between vowels
butter br
If one allophone is exchanged with another, e.g. if seen is produced with lip rounding, the word, while perhaps sounding a bit strange, is still comprehensible. If one phoneme is swapped with another, e.g. seen is produced with a /b/, instead of a /s/, the meaning of the word changes- they
function contrastively
Finding Phonemes
minimal pairs of words A minimal pair is a pair of words that have different meanings and which differ in only one sound. Here is an example from English: Sip [sp] Zip [zp]
Minimal pairs
Four golden rules for minimal pairs: They must have the same number of sounds They must be identical in every sound except for one The sound that is different must be in the same position in each word The words must have different meanings Hit, hid & his minimal set
Phonotactics
Constraints on the sequence or position of phonemes Permitted arrangements of sounds. Phonological knowledge of the pattern of sounds in English will allow you to find some combination of sounds as acceptable and some as not. e.g lig, vig but not fslg or nglsb
Syllable: a phonological
unit that contains more than one phoneme Syllables must contain a vowel or a vowel like consonants (w, j). Open syllables (me, no) vs. closed syllables (Sam, dip). Consonant cluster? In English: CCV flat CCCV
Syllable onset
Consonant(s)
stress
Co-articulation
Our talk is often fast and spontaneous; articulators move from one sound to another without stopping. Co-articulation: one sound becomes more like its neighboring sound. Assimilation & elision
Assimilation
A rule that makes neighboring sounds similar by spreading a phonetic property from one sound to another Ease of articulation
E.g. nasalized vowels occur before nasal sounds man vs. map / bob vs. bomb
Assimilation
Another example
I can go [ajkgo]
The velar sound [g] will almost make the preceding nasal sound come out as [] (velar nasal) rather than the alveolar nasal [n]
Elision
friendship
Key terms
Phonology Phonemes & allophones Minimal pairs and sets Phonotactics Syllables Co-articulation effects