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By: Adeel-ur-Rehman Amir Bashir Hamood Ahmad Safdar Abbas

What are DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS? Some examples of dimensionless numbers.

Why are they used?

The concept was introduced by Gabriel Stokes in 1851. But Reynolds number is named after Osborne Reynolds who popularized its use in 1883.

Definition
Reynolds Number is a dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.

inertialforces Re viscousforces

Mathematical form:

Re

Dup

D= diameter of the pipe u= velocity of the fluid p= density of the fluid = viscosity of the fluid

It is primarily used to analyze different flow regimes namely laminar, turbulent or both. If
Re<2100 2100<Re<4000 Re>4000 Flow of fluid is Laminar Transition Flow Flow is turbulent

Named after the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes. Definition


It is defined as the ratio of gravitational forces to viscous forces.

The mathematical form is given by:

Ar

gL3 pl ( p pl )

Where
g=gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2). l = density of the fluid. = density of the body. = dynamic viscosity. L = characteristic length of body.

It is used to determine the motion of fluid due to density differences When analyzing potentially mixed convection of a liquid, the Archimedes number parameterizes the relative strength of free and forced convection.
When Ar>> 1 natural convection dominates, i.e. less dense bodies rise and denser bodies sink, when Ar<< 1 forced convection dominates

Named after German Engineer Franz Grashof. Definition


The Grashof number (Gr) is a dimensionless number in fluid dynamics which approximates the ratio of the buoyancy to viscous force acting on a fluid.

For vertical flat plate


g (Ts T ) L3 GrL v2

Where

g = acceleration due to Earths gravity = volumetric thermal expansion coefficient Ts = surface temperature T = bulk temperature L = length ofchoosen scale
v= Kinematic viscosity

For Pipe
g (TS T) D 3 GrD v2

Where

g = acceleration due to Earths gravity. = volumetric thermal expansion coefficient. Ts = surface temperature. T = bulk temperature. D = diameter of chosen scale.
v = Kinematic Viscosity

It used in analyzing the velocity distribution in free convection systems. When Gr >> 1, the viscous force is negligible compared to the buoyancy and inertial forces. When buoyant forces overcome the viscous forces, the flow starts a transition to the turbulent. At higher Grashof numbers, the boundary layer is turbulent; at lower Grashof numbers, the boundary layer is laminar.

Named after Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach. Definition


In fluid mechanics, Mach number ( or ) is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of speed of an object moving through a fluid and the local speed of sound.

Its mathematical form is given as:


M v v sound

Where

M is the Mach number, v is the velocity of the source relative to the medium. vsound is the speed of sound in the medium.

The Mach number can be used to determine if a flow can be treated as an incompressible flow. If M < 0.20.3 and the flow is steady, compressibility effects will be small and fluid is incompressible. The Mach number is commonly used both with objects traveling at high speed in a fluid, and with high-speed fluid flows inside channels such as nozzles

If
Mach no =1 then condition is sonic Mach no <1 then condition is subsonic Mach no 1.2-5 then condition is supersonic

Named after German physicist Ludwig Prandtl. Definition


It is the ratio of kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity.
Pr = Kinematic Viscosity/Thermal Diffusivity

Its mathematical form is given by:

Pr

Cp k

Where

Cp = Specific heat = Dynamic viscosity k = Thermal conductivity

The prandtl number controls the relative thickness of the momentum and thermal boundary layer. When Pr is small, it means that the heat diffuses very quickly compared to the velocity.

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