INTRODUCTION

TO OIL CARGO LOSS

DESCRIPTION OF CARGO LOSS A. PHYSICAL OR ACTUAL LOSS: - is a type of cargo loss that physically or actually occurs during the subjected process. - Example: evaporation, leakage, slopping, pilferage, contamination, spillage etc. APPARENT OR SPURIOUS LOSS: - is a type of cargo loss that it is seen on the document, but physically does not occur. - Example: inaccurate B/L, Certificate of quality, Ullage report etc.

B.

RECORD ON CLAIM OF CARGO LOSS

1.

Majority of claim on cargo loss are apparent cargo loss that discrepancy between shore and ship sides or delivery and outturn figures are more than 0.5%. This case cannot be accepted, since there is no evident that is physical loss.
The standard pleading for cargo loss in the past, 0.5% could not be applied no longer. Now this limit should be stipulated in the sale contract or charter party. This figure is never accepted by USA & other countries.

2.

OIL CARGO LOSS CLASSIFICATION

OIL LOSS DIFFERENCES/ CHANGE IN QUALITY & QUANTITY QUALITY DETERIORATION QUANTITY DIFFERENCES R1,R2, R3,R4

(Degradation, Contamination etc

PHYSICAL LOSS

APPARENT LOSS
(spurious loss/on paper only)

(real loss, actually happen)

POTENTIAL FACTORS:
1. 2. 3. 4. Evaporation ( MINIMAL) Leakage or spillage Slopping Quality degradation or contamination

POTENTIAL FACTORS:
1. Inaccurate calibration: (expired, deformation, etc) - tanks (shore & ship),meter prover 2. Inaccurate measurement: - temperature, gauging, water, sludge, clingage detection - rolling & pitching 2. Inaccurate sampling: - method, equipment, position, etc 2. Inaccurate laboratory analysis/determination: - density,

5.

Crime, etc

GENERAL ACCEPTABLE LIMITS OF CARGO DISCREPANCIES IN QUANTITY

Supply Losses
Sampling (R4 or diff of 1-4) max. 0.5% MP

1
SHORE TANKS
B/L

2
Transportation Losses:
(R2 or diff of 2-3) max. 0.2%

Loading Losses:
(R1 or diff of 1-2) max. 0.5%

SHORE TANK Discharging Losses:

(R3 or diff of 3-4) max. 0.5%

FACTORS OF APPARENT LOSSES: 1. Inaccurate calibration: Shore tanks VEF analysis Vessel 2. Inaccurate measurement Temperature Ullaging/gauging due to: - Pitching & rolling - Undetectable free water - Sludge or un-pump able materials (hard) Free water detection 3. Sampling & analysis (density, %BS&W) 4. Using different tables 5. Improper filling of shore lines

FACTORS OF PHYSICAL LOSSES: 1. 2. 3. 4. Evaporation Spillage or leakage Slopping Crime

Negligible

VEF analysis:
Students table for 95% confidence limit Stable & consistent accurate

FACTORS OF APPARENT LOSSES: 1. Inaccurate calibration: Vessel VEF analysis Shore tanks Weigh bridges 2. Inaccurate measurement: Temperature Ullaging / gauging 3. Using different Density 4. Sampling & analysis (density) 5. Improper filling of shorelines

Supply Losses
(R4 or diff of 1-4) max. 0.5%

1
SHORE TANK
B/L Loading Losses:
(R1 or diff of 1-2) max. 0.5%

2
Transportation Losses:
(R2 or diff of 2-3) max. 0.2%

3
Discharging Losses:
(R3 or diff of 3-4) max. 0.5%

SHORE TANK

FACTORS AFFECTING APPARENT LOSSES:

QUANTITY: 1. Inaccurate calibration tables: Weighbridge Shore tanks Vessels tank 2. Inaccurate measurement Temperature Sounding/Ullaging due to: - Rolling & Pitching - Overtrimmed or overlisted - Undetectable free water - Sludge or unpumpable materials - Accuracy of sounding/ullaging device 3. Sampling & Analysis 4. Improper filling or displacement of the shore lines QUALITY: 1. Sampling (method, position & temperature) 2. Sample compositing 3. Analysis

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL LOSSES:

QUANTITY: 1. Spillage or Leakage 2. Slopping 3. Pilferage QUALITY: Contamination due to: Spontaneous hydrolysis by moisture or free water Hydrolysis by water or sea water entrainment Reaction with the residue of the last cargoes Reaction with coating, tank or interior materials. Steam leaking (Heating system)

RATIO OF CARGO LOSS

R1 = loading loss

= B/L Qty loaded x 100% B/L B/L

R2 = transportation loss = SFAL SFBD x 100% R3 = discharging loss R4 = supply loss

= Qty recd Qty dischd x 100% B/L = B/L Qty recd x 100% B/L

Legends: B/L = Bill of Lading SFAL = ships figure after loading SFBD = ships figure before discharging

ENVIRONTMENT CONDITION

SHIPBOARD QUANTITY DETERMINATION

FW DETECTION

CHARACT. OF CARGO

TEMP.

DRAFT / TRIM

GAUGING

LIST

MEASUREMENT & READING

TRIM CORRT CORRECTED GAUGE

LIST CORRT

SAMPLING

TOV
VOL FW GOV ASTM, API, IP TABLES OLD & NEW VCF SHIPS TANK CALIBR TABLES

LAB. ANALYSIS

GSV
% S&W DENSITY 15 (API GRAVITY, REL. DENS) NSV

Note : Trim & List Corrections shall be deleted for shore quantity determination

WCF

NET WEIGHT

TYPICAL DIFFERENCE OF VCF BETWEEN OLD & NEW ASTM TABLES ( FOR API = 33.0 )
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. TEMP. F 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 OLD TABLE 1.0044 1.0000 0.9956 0.9913 0.9869 0.9826 0.9782 0.9739 0.9695 NEW TABLE 1.0046 1.0000 0.9954 0.9907 0.9861 0.9814 0.9768 0.9721 0.9674 DIFFERENCE ,% + 0.02 0.00 - 0.02 - 0.06 - 0.08 - 0.12 - 0.14 - 0.18 - 0.21

CATATAN : TEMP. MAKIN JAUH DARI 60 F, BEDA VCF MAKIN BESAR.

CARGO RECONCILIATION
1. IF THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN SHORE AND SHIP FIGURES EXCEEDS THE ACCEPTABLE/ ALLOWABLE LIMIT, CHECK SHORE & SHIP FIGURES CALCULATION. 2. ENSURE THE LINE IS FULL. 3. REGAUGE SHORE & SHIP SIDES, INCL. TEMPERATURE, FW, SUITABILITY OF THE MEASURING DEVICES USED, REF. HEIGHT ETC. 4. ENSURING THAT THERE IS NO MISFLOW/ MISLOADED/ MISDISCHARGED: - CHECK COFFERDAM, DEEP TANK, BALLAST TANK, FORE PEAK, BUNKER AND OTHER HIDEN SPACES.

Continued
- CHECK DATA OF INITIAL & FINAL QUANTITY OF BUNKER AND FUEL CONSUMPTION OF THE VESSEL. - CHECK OBQ OR ROB AND RESIDUAL CARGO REMAINING ON BOARD OR AT THE SHORE/ STORAGE TANK(S) WHETHER ANY CLINGANGE, SEDIMENT, SLUDGE OR OTHER UNPUMPABLE MATERIALS ? 5. ANALYSE DIFFERENCE OF FIGURES PER SEGMENT AND QUANTITY COMPONENT. - CHECK THE CORRESPONDING COMPONENT PER SEGMENT. - CHECK PETROLEUM TABLE APPLIED, DENSITY, % S & W, TEMPERATURE, SEA CONDITION, VEF ETC.

APPARENT LOSS IN QUANTITY A. CAUSES :

- INACCURATE GAUGING & TEMP. MEASUREMENT ( method, equipment, condition, skill etc )
- INACCURATE CALIBRATION OF SHIP, SHORE TANKS AND FLOWMETER. - DISTURBED CONDITIONS ( cargo properties, surroundings, vessel position & stability etc ) - INACCURATE SAMPLING & ANLYSIS - DIFFERENT OR INACCURATE TABLE USED & INACCURATE CALCULATION.

Continued B. PROTECTIVE & PREVENTIVE ACTIONS:

- ACCURATE GAUGING & TEMP. MEASUREMENT. - ACCURATE SAMPLING & ANALYSIS - SAME TABLE & METHOD OF CALCULATION. - MINIMIZE CONDITION DISTURBANCE.

APPARENT LOSS IN QUALITY A. CAUSES:

- INACCURATE SAMPLING ( method, equipment, sampling point, sample preparation etc ). - INACCURATE ANALYSIS ( method, equipment, preparation, calculation etc ).

B.

PROTECTIVE & PREVENTIVE ACTIONS:

- ACCURATE SAMPLING & SAMPLE PREPARATION. - ACCURATE ANALYSIS

PHYSICAL LOSS IN QUANTITY A. CAUSE:

- EVAPORATION, SPILLAGE, SLOPPING, LEAKAGE, PILFERAGE ETC.

B.

PROTECTIVE & PREVENTIVE ACTION:

- INERT GAS INJECTION/ BLANKETING, FLOATING ROOF STORAGE, VAPOUR RECOVERY SYSTEM, SKILL & MORALE IMPROVEMENT, SECURITY, CRUDE OIL WASHING ETC

PHYSICAL LOSS IN QUALITY A. CAUSE:

- CONTAMINATION, QUALITY DETERIORATION, ON FIRE/ EXPLOSION ETC.

B.

PROTECTIVE & PREVENTIVE ACTION:

- CLEAN & DRY COMPARTMENT WITH SUITABLE MATERIAL, - TANK CLEANING, GASING UP, INERTING, N2 BLANKETING

CARGO LOSS CONTROL

1. CRUDE OIL WASHING ( COW ):

- improvement discharge operation by spraying the tank wall with her own cargo.
2. GASING UP:

- removing residual gas in a confined space by blowing with fresh air ( gas freeing ), inert gas, nitrogen or loading vapor ( purging ). 3. HEATING: - increasing temperature for preventing solidification of the cargo.
4. RELIEF VALVE:

- a device for retaining gas in a tank/ vessel up to certain pressure.

CLOSING SPEECH

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION GOOD LUCK