Module 1 - Cellular Communication

Vedang Radio Technology Pvt. Ltd .
105, Nirman Industrial Estate Link Road Malad (W) Mumbai -400064
Module 1 Principles of Cellular Communication
VEDANG Telecom Training
Chapters
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Principles of Cellular Communications Features of GSM GSM Network Components Channels on Air Interface Calls and Handover Sequence GSM Identities Network Organization
Chapters
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Principles of Cellular Communications Features of GSM GSM Network Components Channels on Air Interface Calls and Handover Sequence GSM Identities Network Organization
Chapter 1 : Principles of Cellular Communications

Principles of Cellular Communications 1st and 2nd generation cellular system Modulation Techniques and Multiple Access Techniques Advantages of Cellular Communications GSM Frequency Spectrum Introduction Cell Size Large Cells Small Cells The Trade Off Large v Small Frequency Re-use Co-channel Interference Adjacent Channel Interference Sectorization Switching and Control
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems

The 1st Generation Cellular System
The 1st mobile networks in early 1980s were analog modulation systems such as
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Systems) in the USA TACS ( Total Access Control System) in the UK C-Netz in Germany Radiocom 2000 in France NMT in Scandinavia
These networks were planned to achieve maximum coverage with as few antennas as possible. In early networks , the emphasis was to provide radio coverage with little consideration for the number of calls to be carried. As the subscriber base grew, the need to provide greater traffic capacity had to be addressed.
Coverage, Capacity and Quality

Coverage Getting a usable radio signal to all areas in the network. Capacity Handling the call traffic generated by the subscribers Quality Low interference, few call drops etc.
The First Generation Problems

Problems with Analog systems included
Limited Capacity could not cope with increase in subscribers Bulky Equipment Poor Reliability Lack of Security Analog Signals could not be intercepted Incompatibility between systems in different countries no Roaming
To improve on the analog systems , the European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications Administration (CEPT) established Group Special Mobile (GSM) to set a new standard.
The Second Generation - Digital

1987: GSM agreed on a digital standard The advantages of digital systems were
Efficient Use of Radio Spectrum Security for voice transmission Possibilities of data transmission Very large Scale Integrated ( VLSI) components along with smaller cheaper handsets Compatibility with ISDN land based networks
The system developed became the Global System for Mobile Telecommunications (also GSM)
Modulation Techniques - Analogue
Analogue modulation is useful for illustrating how information can be carried by a Radio wave as it is simple to visualize. Frequency Modulation was used on first generation mobile systems, but it is very insecure as it can be intercepted and decoded easily.
MODULATION
Process of putting a baseband signal onto a carrier wave.
Baseband signal
Modulator
Carrier
Modulated Wave
Analog Modulation Techniques
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Modulation Techniques- Digital (PCM)

Before looking at the digital modulation techniques used in GSM, we must first consider how the voice which is naturally an analog signal is converted into a train of digital pulses prior to being modulated on the radio wave.
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Modulation Techniques- PCM

PCM allows us to reproduce speech sound waves accurately upto 4Khz. The rate of sampling must be able to distinguish each peak and trough of the highest frequency waveform. The sampling must thus occur at 8 KHz ( twice each period of the waveform) which results in 64Kbps data rate.
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Modulation Techniques- SKM

Having turned the speech signal into digital pulses, we now need to modulate these onto the radio wave. We will first look at a range of techniques known as Shift Key Modulation
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Modulation Techniques- PSK
In shift key modulation techniques, some property of the wave is changed each bit period to represent the data. Various techniques differ in terms of what property is changed ( such as the phase or frequency of the wave) and how many different states of this property can be distinguished (which determines how many actual bits of data are represented by each state change)
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Modulation Techniques- BPSK, QPSK, 8 PSK
Here, the phase of the transmitted wave (compared to a reference state) is the property which is changed each bit period. In BPSK techniques, such as that used by GSM, only two phase states are used. Each bit period thus represents only one actual bit of data. QPSK and 8 PSK extend the technique to 4 and 8 phase states. Each bit period, thus represents 2 (QPSK) or 3 (8PSK) actual data bits by mapping the different possible combinations onto the phase states.
Note , the order in which the bit patterns are mapped onto the phase states. This is gray code in which only 1 bit changes between adjacent sates. Using this technique, helps to reduce errors.
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Modulation Techniques- QPSK and 8 PSK

The phase states and their mapping onto bit patterns are often shown by Constellation diagrams, where the angle around the circle represents the phase angle of the modulation.
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Modulation Techniques- QAM

The above slide brings in the term symbol which is used to distinguish the changes of state (symbols) from the number of data bits they represent. Using 8 PSK for example , the data rate (in bits per seconds) will be 3 times the symbol rate (in symbols per second) The extension of this technique further is limited by the ability of the receiving equipment to resolve many different phase states in the short time span of the bit period. A similar modulation scheme is 16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) which combines 4 phase states and 4 Amplitude states to gibe 16 combinations allowing 4 bits to be represented by each symbol, Another limitation on PSK schemes is the sharp phase change at each bit period boundary. Sudden changes in the waveform require huge bandwidth to transmit and should be avoided. FSK and MSK provide ways of doing this.
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Modulation Techniques- FSK
Simple FSK has a sharp transition at the bit period boundaries. By applying a Guassian filter to the data stream, the shift between the frequencies occur Smoothly.
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Modulation Techniques- GMSK

Guassian Minimum Shift Keying Data pulses are shaped using a Guassian filter:
Smoothes phase transitions Gives a constant envelope
GMSK is used in GSM QPSK is used in CDMA
Comparison of GMSK and QPSK

GMSK requires greater bandwidth QPSK reduces interference with adjacent carrier frequencies GMSK is more power efficient - less battery drain from MS on uplink GMSK has greater immunity to signal fluctuations
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Multiple Access Techniques

Purpose: To allow several users to share the resources of Air Interface in one cell Methods
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
Multiple Access Techniques are essential to allow more efficient use of the Radio Spectrum. 1st Generation system used only FDMA so that a complete radio carrier was allocated to a user throughout the call. This made poor use of the spectrum, but was all that was possible with an analog system
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Multiple Access Techniques - FDMA
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Multiple Access Techniques - TDMA
TDMA became possible with digital systems such as GSM in which the data stream could be divided into bursts and allocated to a timeslot. By sharing access to the spectrum, the traffic capacity of the system is enhanced. GSM uses both FDMA to provide carriers and TDMA to share access to the carriers
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Multiple Access Techniques - CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Each user is assigned a unique digital code (pseudo-random code sequence) Code is used at Mobile Station and Base Station to distinguish different users signals Many users communications can be transmitted simultaneously over the same frequency band. Advantages
Very efficient use of spectrum Does not require frequency planning
Used in CDMA One Not used in GSM Wideband CDMA techniques to be used in UMTS
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Advantages of Cellular Communication

Cellular networks have many advantages over the existing land telephone networks. There are advantages for the network provider as well as the mobile subscriber.
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GSM Frequencies
GSM 900 Frequencies
GSM systems use radio frequencies between 890-915 MHz for receive and between 935-960 MHz for transmit, as shown below. RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 124 carriers for use. Other frequencies between 917 MHz and 935 MHz are available for use by other (non-GSM) cellular systems. A guard band of 2 MHz of unused frequencies between 915 and 917 MHz protects against interference between the transmit and receive frequencies. Guard bands between GSM and nonGSM frequencies depend on the prevailing standards in the country concerned and on agreements reached by network operators. Any such guard bands are likely to be quite small; for example, the last carrier of the frequency range may be left unused. Transmit and receive frequencies are always separated by 45 MHz, and this fixed frequency gap reduces the possibility of interference.
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GSM Frequencies
Extended GSM (EGSM)
A further 10MHz of bandwidth on both transmit and receive allocations has now extended the GSM bandwidth as follows:
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GSM Frequencies
DCS 1800 Frequencies
DCS1800 systems use radio frequencies between 1710-1785 MHz for receive and between 1805-1880 MHz for transmit, as shown below. RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 373 carriers for use, with one used as a guard band. A guard band of 20 MHz of unused frequencies between 1785 and 1805 MHz protects against interference between the transmit and receive frequencies. There is a 100 kHz guard band between 1710.0 MHz and 1710.1 MHz and between 1784.9 MHz and 1785.0 MHz for receive, and between 1805.0 MHz and 1805.1 MHz and between 1879.9 MHz and 1880.0 MHz for transmit. Transmit and receive frequencies are always separated by 95 MHz, and this fixed frequency gap reduces the possibility of interference.
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GSM Frequencies
PCS 1900 Frequencies
PCS1900 systems use radio frequencies between 1850-1910 MHz for receive and between 1930-1990 MHz for transmit, as shown below. RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 299 carriers for use. A guard band of 20 MHz of unused frequencies between 1910 and 1930 MHz protects against interference between the transmit and receive frequencies. There is a 100 kHz guard band between 1850.0 MHz and 1850.1 MHz and between 1909.9 MHz and 1910.0 MHz for receive, and between 1930.0 MHz and 1930.1 MHz and between 1989.9 MHz and 1990.0 MHz for transmit. Transmit and receive frequencies are always separated by 80 MHz, and this fixed frequency gap reduces the possibility of interference.
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Cell Size
The number of cells in any geographic area is determined by the number of MS subscribers who will be operating in that area, and the geographic layout of the area (hills, lakes, buildings etc). The Trade Off Large vs Small Cells
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Frequency Re-Use
Example: A network provider has been allocated 48 frequencies to provide coverage over a large area, let us take for example Great Britain. As we have already seen, the maximum cell size is approximately 70 km in diameter, thus our 48 frequencies would not be able to cover the whole of Britain. To overcome this limitation the network provider must re-use the same frequencies over and over again, in what is termed a Frequency Re-Use Pattern. Co-channel Interference- This occurs when
RF carriers of the same frequency are transmitting in close proximity to each other, the transmission from one RF carrier interferes with the other RF carrier. Adjacent Channel Interference - This occurs when an RF source of a nearby frequency interferes with the RF carrier
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Site Sectorization
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Switching and Control
Having established radio coverage through the use of cells, consider what happens when the MS is in motion (as MSs tend to be). At some point the MS will have to move from one cells coverage area to another cells coverage area. To perform a handover, the network must know which neighbors cell to hand the MS over to. Handovers from one cell to another could be for a number of reasons (e.g. the signal strength of the serving cell is less than the signal strength of aneighbour cell, or the MS is suffering a quality problem in the serving cell) and by handing over to one of its neighbours this may stop the quality problem. To ensure that we handover to the best possible candidate the MS performs measurements of its surrounding neighbor cells and reports its findings to the network. Regardless of the reason for a handover it has to be controlled by some entity, and in GSM that entity is the Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC). These are then analyzed together with the measurements that the network performs and a decision is made on a regular basis as to the need for a handover. When a handover is required the MS is informed which radio channels to go to to continue the call. In most cases the subscriber is unaware that a handover has occurred.
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Chapters
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Principles of Cellular Telecommunications Features of GSM GSM Network Components Channels on Air Interface Calls and Handover Sequence GSM Identities Network Organization
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Chapter 2 : Features of GSM

GSM Cellular Structure and its compatibility Noise Robust Flexibility/Increased Capacity Use of Standardized Open Interfaces Improved Security and Confidentiality Flexible Handover Processes Enhanced Range Of Services Speech Services Telephony Emergency Calls (with/without SIM Card inserted in MS) Short Message Service Point To Point Short Message Cell Broadcast Advanced Message Handling Service Supplementary Services
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GSM Cellular Structure

The aim of a GSM System is to make best use of available frequencies (spectrum) to provide
Coverage Getting a usable radio signal to all areas in the network. Capacity Handling the call traffic generated by the subscribers Quality Low interference, few call drops etc.
The cellular structure allows the reuse of frequencies across the Network Planning the pattern of this re-use is a key part of the system design.
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Compatibility
GSM has been specified and developed by many European countries working in co-operation with each other. The result is a cellular system allowing you, for example, to drive from Germany to Spain without dropping your telephone call. Due to GSM standardization and features, it is accepted throughout the world. An additional advantage resulting from this is the large market for GSM equipment. This means that manufacturers can produce equipment in higher quantities and of better quality, and also, due to the number of manufacturers, a competitive and aggressive pricing structure exists. This has resulted in lower costs for the MS subscriber.
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Noise Robust ( when compared with Analog)
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Flexibility/Increased Capacity
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Use of standardized Open Interfaces
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Improved Security and Confidentiality
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Flexible Handover Process

Handovers take place as the MS moves between cells, gradually losing the RF signal of one and gaining that of the other. The MS switches from channel to channel and cell to cell as it moves to maintain call continuity. With analogue systems, handovers are frequently a problem area and the subscriber is only too well aware that a handover has occurred! When GSM was specified a great deal of thought went into the design and implementation of handovers. Although the GSM system is more complicated than analogue in this area, the flexibility of the GSM handover processes offer significant improvements which provide a much better quality of service to the subscriber. GSM provides handover processes for the following: Quality (uplink/downlink). Interference (uplink/downlink). RF level (uplink/downlink). MS distance. Power budget. More handover algorithms have been developed for specific applications, such as microcellular, and are currently being implemented.
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Flexible Handover Process
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Speech Services
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Supplementary Services
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Circuit Switched Data Services
Packet data Services like GPRS/Edge will be covered in detail in the subsequent modules
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Roaming
Allows subscribers to travel to different network areas, different countries keeping the services and features they use at home. Billing is done through home network operator who pays any other serving network operator involved. Requires agreements between operators on change rates, methods of payment etc. Clearing house companies carry out data validation on roamer data records, billing of home network operators and allocation of payments.
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Chapters
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Chapter 3: GSM Network Components

GSM Network Overview Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Base Station System (BSS) Base Station Controller (BSC) Base Transceiver Station (BTS) BSS Configurations Transcoder (XCDR) Network Switching System Operations and Maintenance System (OMS) Network Management Centre (NMC) Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC)
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GSM Network Components

The principle component groups of a GSM network are: The Mobile Station (MS) This consists of the mobile telephone, fax machine etc. This is the part of the network that the subscriber will see. The Base Station System (BSS) This is the part of the network which provides the radio interconnection from the MS to the land-based switching equipment. The Network Switching System This consists of the Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC) and its associated system-control databases and processors together with the required interfaces. This is the part which provides for interconnection between the GSM network and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The Operations and Maintenance System This enables the network provider to configure and maintain the network from a central location
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Mobile Station
The MS consists of two parts, the Mobile Equipment (ME) and an electronic smart card called a Subscriber Identity module (SIM). The ME is the hardware used by the subscriber to access the network. The hardware has an identity number associated with it, which is unique for that particular device and permanently stored in it. This identity number is called the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) and enables the network operator to identify mobile equipment which may be causing problems on the system. The SIM is a card which plugs into the ME. This card identifies the MS subscriber and also provides other information regarding the service that subscriber should receive. The subscriber is identified by an identity number called the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). Mobile Equipment may be purchased from any store but the SIM must be obtained from the GSM network provider. Without the SIM inserted, the ME will only be able to make emergency calls. By making a distinction between the subscriber identity and the ME identity, GSM can route calls and perform billing based on the identity of the subscriber rather than the equipment or its location.
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BSS- BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM

The GSM Base Station System is the equipment located at a cell site. It comprises a combination of digital and RF equipment. The BSS provides the link between the MS and the MSC. The BSS communicates with the MS over the digital air interface and with the MSC via 2 Mbit/s links. The BSS consists of three major hardware components: The Base Transceiver Station BTS The BTS contains the RF components that provide the air interface for a particular cell. This is the part of the GSM network which communicates with the MS. The antenna is included as part of the BTS. The Base Station Controller BSC The BSC as its name implies provides the control for the BSS. The BSC communicates directly with the MSC. The BSC may control single or multiple BTSs. The Transcoder XCDR The Transcoder is used to compact the signals from the MS so that they are more efficiently sent over the terrestrial interfaces. Although the transcoder is considered to be a part of the BSS, it is very often located closer to the MSC.
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Functions of BSC and BTS
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Colocated and Daisy Chained BTS
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Transcoder Functionality
The Transcoder (XCDR) is required to convert the speech or data output from the MSC (64 kbit/s PCM), into the form specified by GSM specifications for transmission over the air interface, that is, between the BSS and MS (64 kbit/s to 16 kbit/s and vice versa). The 64 kbit/s Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) circuits from the MSC, if transmitted on the air interface without modification, would occupy an excessive amount of radio bandwidth. This would use the available radio spectrum inefficiently. The required bandwidth is therefore reduced by processing the 64 kbit/s circuits so that the amount of information required to transmit digitized voice falls to a gross rate of 16 kbit/s. The transcoding function may be located at the MSC, BSC, or BTS. As can be seen from the diagram in the next slide, although the reason for transcoding was to reduce the data rate over the air interface, the number of terrestrial links is also reduced approximately on a 4:1 ratio.
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Transcoder Functionality
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Functions of MSC , HLR and VLR
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MSC Functions
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Authentication Process
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GSM INTERFACES
(A-ter+ A)
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Network Mangement Centre
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Functional Architecture
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Chapters
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Chapter 4 :Channels on Air Interface

Physical and Logical Channels Timeslots and TDMA Frame Super Frame and Hyper Frame
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Physical and Logical Channels

The physical channel is the medium over which the information is carried, in the case of a terrestrial interface. This would be a cable. The logical channels consist of the information carried over the physical channel. GSM Physical Channels A single GSM RF carrier can support up to eight MS subscribers simultaneously. The diagram shows how this is accomplished. Each channel occupies the carrier for one eighth of the time. This is a technique called Time Division Multiple Access. Time is divided into discrete periods called timeslots. The timeslots are arranged in sequence and are conventionally numbered 0 to 7. Each repetition of this sequence is called a TDMA frame. Each MS telephone call occupies one timeslot (07) within the frame until the call is terminated, or a handover occurs. The TDMA frames are then built into further frame structures according to the type of channel. We shall later examine how the information carried by the air interface builds into frames and multiframes and discuss the associated timing. For such a system to work correctly, the timing of the transmissions to and from the mobiles is critical. The MS or Base Station must transmit the information related to one call at exactly the right moment, or the timeslot will be missed. The information carried in one timeslot is called a burst. Each data burst, occupying its allocated timeslot within successive TDMA frames, provides a single GSM physical channel carrying a varying number of logical 64 channels between the MS and BTS. VEDANG Telecom Training
Timeslots and TDMA Frame
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Physical and Logical Channels (contd)

Logical Channels: There are two main groups of logical channels, traffic channels and control channels Traffic Channels (TCH) The traffic channel carries speech or data information. The different types of traffic channel are listed below: Full rate TCH/FS: Speech (13 kbit/s net, 22.8 kbit/s gross) TCH/EFR: Speech (12.2 kbit/s net, 22.8 kbit/s gross) TCH/F9.6: 9.6 kbit/s data TCH/F4.8: 4.8 kbit/s data TCH/F2.4 2.4 kbit/s data Half rate TCH/HS: speech (6.5 kbit/s net, 11.4 kbit/s gross) TCH/H4.8 4.8 kbit/s data TCH/H2.4 2.4 kbit/s data
Acronyms: TCH Traffic Channel TCH/FS Full rate speech channel TCH/EFR Enhanced full rate speech TCH/HS Half rate speech channel TCH/9.6 Data channel 9.6 kbit/s TCH/4.8 Data channel 4.8 kbit/s TCH/2.4 Data channel 2.4 kbit/s
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Traffic Channels
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Control Channels
Control Channels
Broadcast Control Channel Common Control Channel Dedicated control Channel
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Control Channels
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Broadcast Control Channel
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Broadcast Control Channel
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Common Control Channel
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Common Control Channel
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Dedicated Control Channel
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Dedicated Control Channel
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Channel Combinations and Timeslots
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Mobile Activity Transmit and Receive Timeslots
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Process of change in state

Changing from an idle to active state will involve different types of traffic cases:
Location Updating Call Set-up Handover
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Location Update
Need for Location Update
It should be possible for the Ms to receive a call from the network at any time at any location. While the MS moves freely within a network, the network should know about its whereabouts, in terms of its location and the cell with which it is attached. The MS should update the network whenever it changes the location and is called Location Update There are 3 types of location updates
Location Update Normal IMSI attach Periodic Registration
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Call Set-Up
Call Set-up can be classified into 2 major categories
Call from MS (Mobile Originated Call) Call to MS (Mobile Terminated Call)
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Handover
Handover takes place, when an active mobile changes cells. The mobile always measures and sends the report regarding the signal strength, quality etc. to the BSC. BSC makes the decision to change cells based on the results calculated in the location algorithm. Locating algorithm will be mainly based on signal strength and sometimes based on quality also. There are 3 different types of Handovers
Intra BSC Handover Inter BSC Handover Inter MSC Handover
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Chapters
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Chapter 5 :GSM Basic Call Sequence
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Call Sequence (MS to Land)
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Call Sequence (Land to MS)
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Mobile Initiated Call Clearing Sequence
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Handover Sequence
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Location Update Sequence
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Authentication and Ciphering Sequence
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Equipment Identification Sequence
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Chapters
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GSM Identities
MOBILE STATION ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN) INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI) TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI) INTERNATIONAL MOBILE EQUIPMENT IDENTITY (IMEI) MOBILE STATION ROAMING NUMBER (MSRN) LOCATION AREA IDENTITY (LAI) CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI) BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE (BSIC)
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GSM IDENTITIES
MOBILE STATION ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN)
A number, which uniquely identifies a mobile telephone subscription in the public switched telephone network numbering plan.
These are the digits dialed when calling a mobile subscriber
In GSM 900/1800, the MSISDN consists of the following:

MSISDN = CC + NDC +SN
CC = Country Code NDC= National Destination Code SN = Subscriber Number
A NDC is allocated to each PLMN . In some countries, more than one NDC may be required for each PLMN. The international MSISDN number maybe of variable length. The maximum length is 15 digits, prefixes not included.
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GSM IDENTITIES
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)
The IMSI is a unique identity allocated to each subscriber to allow correct identification over the radio path and through the network. Is used for all signaling in the PLMN. All network related subscriber information is connected to the IMSI. The IMSI is stored in the SIM, as well as in the HLR and in the serving VLR. The IMSI consists of three different parts: IMSI = MCC+MNC+MSIN MCC= Mobile Country Code MNC= Mobile Network Code MSIN= Mobile Station Identification Number
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GSM IDENTITIES
TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)
Is a temporary number instead of IMSI, to identify a MS. Is used for subscribers confidentiality on the air-interface.
Has only local significance (that is, within the MSC/VLR area).
Is changed at certain events or time intervals. The TMSI structure can be chosen by each operator but should not consist of more than four octets (8 digits)
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GSM IDENTITIES
INETRNATIONAL MOBILE EQUIPMENT IDENTITY (IMEI):
Is used for equipment identification and uniquely identifies a MS as a piece of or assembly of equipment. The IMEI consists of the following IMEI = TAC+FAC+SNR+spare TAC = Type approval Code. Determined by a central GSM body FAC = Final Assembly code, identifies the manufacturer SNR= Serial number, an individual serial number of six digits uniquely identifies all equipment within each TAC and FAC spare= A spare bit for future use. When transmitted by the MS , this digit should be always zero.
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GSM IDENTITIES
MOBILE STATION ROAMING NUMBER (MSRN)
Is used during the call set up phase for mobile terminating calls. Each mobile terminating call enters the GMSC in the PLMN. The call is then routed by the GMSC, to the MSC, where the called mobile subscribers are located. For this purpose, a unique number (MSRN) is allocated by the MSC and provided to the GMSC. The MSRN is seized for the Call Set Up phase only and released immediately afterwards. MSRN consists of three parts: MSRN = CC + NDC + SN
CC= Country Code NDC= National destination code SN= Subscriber Number
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GSM IDENTITIES
LOCAL AREA IDENTITY (LAI)
Used for paging, to indicate to the MS in which Location Area (LA), the MS is currently situated. Also used for location updating of mobile subscribers. The LAI consists of the following LAI = MCC+MNC+LAC
MCC= Mobile Country Code MNC= Mobile Network Code LAC= Location Area Code, the maximum length of the Lac is 16 bits, enabling 65,536 different location areas to be defined in one PLMN.
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GSM IDENTITIES
CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
Is used for cell identification within a location area. Done by adding a Cell Identity to the components of a LAI.
CI has a maximum length of 16 bits

CGI consists of CGI = MCC+MNC+LAC+CI
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GSM IDENTITIES
BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE (BSIC)
Allows a mobile station to distinguish between different neighboring base stations BSIC consists of BSIC = NCC +BCC
NCC= Network Colour Code (3 bits), identifies the PLMN. NCC does not uniquely identify the operator. NCC is primarily used to distinguish between operators on each side of a border. BCC= base Station Colour Code (3 bits), identifies the base station to help distinguish between BTS using the same BCCH frequencies.
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GSM IDENTITIES
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Chapters
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Chapter 6 : Network Organization

Network Head / Circle Head
Planning
Optimization
O and M
Projects
NSS
Complaint Resolution
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Planning Team
RF Team
Coverage and Capacity Planning Site Survey and Drive Tests New Site Integration Database (Physical and Parameter) RF Plan for Data Network
Transmission Team
BSC Planning Transmission Planning for New Sites and various interfaces Fibre Planning
Core Planning Team

Number of Core Nodes MSCs and MGWs Expansion Plan All Core Nodes Data Network Planning Centralized core nodes
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Optimization Team
RF Optimization
Network KPIs and Quality Daily Analysis of Statistics and Performance Reports In Co-ordination with Planning Team
Transmission Optimization
Interface Augmentation Analysis of Outages due to Transmission Failures
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Operations and Maintenance team

Maintenance of BTS and BSC Maintain Network Uptime Fault Rectification and Alarm resolution Support to Projects Team Analysis of critical faults in the network Handling Power Outages
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Projects Team
Build Up of new sites and other network elements Build Up of Site Infrastructure Installation and Commissioning of all nodes Inventory Management
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NSS Team
Core Optimization
Interface Augmentation (Internal and External) Core Equipment Maintenance IN and VAS Support Handling Alarm , Overload and Outage Conditions
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Customer Complaint Resolution Team

Handling Network Complaint Resolution Meeting Customers for Resolution Reverting to Customer Care Teams Ensuring customer satisfaction by Resolution
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End of Module 1
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Module 1 - Cellular Communication

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Module 1 - Cellular Communication

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Vedang Radio Technology Pvt. Ltd .

Module 1 Principles of Cellular Communication

VEDANG Telecom Training

VEDANG Telecom Training

VEDANG Telecom Training

Chapter 1 : Principles of Cellular Communications

VEDANG Telecom Training

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems

VEDANG Telecom Training

Coverage, Capacity and Quality

VEDANG Telecom Training

The First Generation Problems

VEDANG Telecom Training

The Second Generation - Digital

VEDANG Telecom Training

Modulation Techniques - Analogue

Analog Modulation Techniques

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Modulation Techniques- Digital (PCM)

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Modulation Techniques- PCM

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Modulation Techniques- SKM

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Modulation Techniques- PSK

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Modulation Techniques- BPSK, QPSK, 8 PSK

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Modulation Techniques- QPSK and 8 PSK

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Modulation Techniques- QAM

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Modulation Techniques- FSK

Modulation Techniques- GMSK

GMSK is used in GSM QPSK is used in CDMA

Comparison of GMSK and QPSK

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Multiple Access Techniques

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Multiple Access Techniques - FDMA

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Multiple Access Techniques - TDMA

Multiple Access Techniques - CDMA

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Advantages of Cellular Communication

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VEDANG Telecom Training

VEDANG Telecom Training

VEDANG Telecom Training

VEDANG Telecom Training

Switching and Control

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VEDANG Telecom Training

Chapter 2 : Features of GSM

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GSM Cellular Structure

VEDANG Telecom Training

VEDANG Telecom Training

Noise Robust ( when compared with Analog)