DC GENERATOR

Dimas Anton Asfani ST. MT. Ph.D

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Total Loss in a DC machine (1)
Total Losses
Copper Losses
Iron/Magnetic
Losses
Mechanical
Losses
Armature Cu
Loss
Field Cu Loss
hysteresis
Eddy current
friction
windage
IRON LOSS IN THE ARMATURE (1)
Hysteresis Loss
This loss is due to the reversal of magnetism of the armature
core.
(Every portion of the rotating core passes under N and S pole
alternately, thereby attaining S and N polarity respectively.
Review: Hysteresis Loss

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IRON LOSS IN THE ARMATURE (2)
Eddy Current Loss

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Eddy Current Loss
.The core material is electrically conductive.

.When it rotates, it also cuts the flux.

.Hence, an emf is induced in the body of the core.

.This emf sets up current in the body of the core..
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Eddy Current Loss
.The core material is electrically conductive.

.When it rotates, it also cuts the flux.

.Hence, an emf is induced in the body of the core.

.This emf sets up current in the body of the core..
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Total Loss in a DC machine (1)
Total Losses
Copper Losses
Iron/Magnetic
Losses
Mechanical
Losses
Armature Cu
Loss
Field Cu Loss
hysteresis
Eddy current
friction
windage
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Copper Loss
Copper losses (Cu losses)
.Armature copper loss = I
a
2
R
a

.Field copper loss = I
f
2
R
f

.Loss due to brush contact resistance; usually included in
the armature copper loss.
V

E
Ra
Rsh
V

V

E
Ra
Rsh
Rse
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Mechanical Loss
.Friction loss at bearings and commutator
.Air-friction or windage loss of rotating armature
Commutator

Poles
Rotor winding
Fan
Bearing
Brushes
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Total Loss in a DC machine
Total Losses
Copper Losses
Iron/Magnetic
Losses
Mechanical
Losses
Armature Cu
Loss
Field Cu Loss
hysteresis
Eddy current
friction
windage
Stray Losses: usually magnetic and mechanical losses are collectively
known as Stray Losses.
Constant Losses: W
c
, consists of stray losses and shunt Cu losses.
Variable Loss: varied with the load current -> armature Cu loss.
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Generator Power Stages
Mechanical
Power Input



Iron and
Friction
Losses
Electrical Power
developed in
armature.

EI
a
, Watt

Copper Losses
Electrical Power
Output

VI, Watts
Total Losses = Constant Losses + Variable Losses
INTERNAL GENERATED VOLTAGE AND INDUCED
TORQUE EQUATIONS
The induced voltage in any given machine depends on 3
factors:
The flux in the machine
The speed n or of the machines rotor
A constant depending on the construction of the machine
E = cn


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.If T
a
is the torque exerted by the prime mover running at n rps, then the
power developed is:

watt 2 n T
a
t
.and the mechanical power converted into electrical power in the
armature is:

watt
a
I E
a a
I E n T = t 2
then

Torque Power Conversion
Review: HP (horse power) & Watt
1 HP = 746 Watt.

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Efficiency
Mechanical Efficiency = B / A
Electrical Efficiency = C / B
Overall/Commercial Efficiency = C / A
Mechanical
Power Input



Iron and
Friction
Losses
Electrical Power
developed in
armature.

EI
a
, Watt

Copper Losses
Electrical Power
Output

VI, Watts
A B
C
CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
Generator output = VI
Gen input = gen output + losses
= VI + Ia
2
Ra + Wc (I = Ia + Ish)


However if Ish is negligible as compared to load current, then Ia = I
(approx.)
= output / input =

Efficiency is max when denominator is minimum, when:

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( )
VI
Wc
V
IRa
+ + 1
1
0 =
|
.
|

\
|
+
VI
W
V
IR
dI
d
c a
0
2
=
VI
W
V
R
c a
c a
W R I =
2
as f(I)
CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY (2)
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c a
W R I =
2
Variable loss = constant loss.
The load current corresponding to max efficiency is:
a
c
R
W
I =
i