Compression Notes14th

1
Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst
COMPRESSION
MEMBER/COLUMN:
Structural member
subjected to axial load
P
P
2 Compression Module
Compression AISC Manual 14th Ed

Compression Members:
Chapter E: Compression Strength
Chapter I: Composite Member Strength
Part 4: Design Charts and Tables
Chapter C: Analysis Issues
3
Strength design requirements:

P
u
s |P
n
(P
a
s P
n
/)ASD

Where | = 0.9 for compression
( = 1.67)ASD
Axial Strength
Strength Limit States:
Squash Load
Global Buckling
Local Buckling
Global
Buckling
Local
Flange
Buckling
Local
Web
Buckling
INDIVIDUAL COLUMN
7 Compression Theory
Squash Load
Fully Yielded Cross Section
When a short, stocky column is loaded the strength is limited by
the yielding of the entire cross section.

Absence of residual stress, all fibers of cross-section yield
simultaneously at P/A=F
y.

A
P=F
y
A
c
y
L
0

P
P
A
L
0
Results in a reduction in the effective
stiffness of the cross section, but the
ultimate squash load is unchanged.
Reduction in effective stiffness can
influence onset of buckling.
RESIDUAL STRESSES
A
P=F
y
A

c
y
L
0

No Residual Stress
With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at
P/A + residual stress = F
y

Gradually get yield of entire cross section.

Stiffness is reduced after 1
st
yield.
RESIDUAL STRESSES
y


st
yield.
A
P=F
y
A

c
y
L
0

RESIDUAL STRESSES
P=(F
y
-F
res
)A
1
No Residual Stress
= Yielded
Steel
1
y


st
yield.
A
P=F
y
A

c
y
L
0

RESIDUAL STRESSES
P=(F
y
-F
res
)A
1
= Yielded
Steel
2
No Residual Stress
1
2
y


st
yield.
A
P=F
y
A

c
y
L
0

RESIDUAL STRESSES
P=(F
y
-F
res
)A
1
= Yielded
Steel
1
2
2
3
3
No Residual Stress
y


st
yield.
A
P=F
y
A

c
y
L
0

RESIDUAL STRESSES
Compression Theory
P=(F
y
-F
res
)A
1
= Yielded
Steel
1
2
2
3
3
Effects of Residual
Stress
4
15
4
No Residual Stress
Euler Buckling
Assumptions:
Column is pin-ended.
Column is initially perfectly straight.
Load is at centroid.
Material is linearly elastic (no yielding).
Member bends about principal axis (no twisting).
Plane sections remain Plane.
Small Deflection Theory.
Euler Buckling
c
o
E
A
P
2
2
L
EI
P
E
=
Stable Equilibrium
Bifurcation Point
A
Euler Buckling
P
Dependant on I
min
and L
2
.
Independent of F
y.

L
P
E
2
2
L
EI
x
2
2
L
EI
y
Minor axis buckling
For similar unbraced length in each direction,
minor axis (I
y
in a W-shape) will control strength.
Major axis buckling
Euler Buckling
P
E
=

divide by A, P
E
/A = , then with r
2
= I/A,
P
E
/A = F
E
=

F
E
= Euler (elastic) buckling stress
L/r = slenderness ratio
2
2
L
EI
2
2
AL
EI
( )
2
2
r
L
E
Re-write in terms of stress:
Euler Buckling
Buckling controlled by largest value of L/r.
Most slender section buckles first.
L/r
F
E
( )
2
2
r
L
E
F
y
Euler Buckling
EULER ASSUMPTIONS
(ACTUAL BEHAVIOR)
A
0
= initial mid-span deflection of column
Initial Crookedness/Out of Straight
P
P
M = PA
o
A
o
A
o
A
P
2
2
L
EI
P
E
=
A
o
= 0
A
o

A
P
2
2
L
EI
P
E
=
A
o
= 0
A
o

Elastic theory
A
P
2
2
L
EI
P
E
=
A
o
= 0
A
o

Elastic theory
Actual Behavior
Buckling is not instantaneous.
ASTM limits of A
0
= L/1000 or 0.25 in 20 feet
Typical values are A
0
= L/1500 or 0.15 in 20 feet
Additional stresses due to bending of the column,
P/A Mc/I.
Assuming elastic material theory (never yields),
P approaches P
E
.
Actually, some strength loss
small A
0
=> small loss in strengths
large A
0
=> strength loss can be substantial

A
P
e
L
A
Load Eccentricity
A
P
2
2
L
EI
P
E
=
A
o
= 0
Elastic theory

A
P
e
L
A
Load Eccentricity
A
P
2
2
L
EI
P
E
=
A
o
= 0
Elastic theory
Actual Behavior
If moment is significant section must be designed
as a member subjected to combined loads.
Buckling is not instantaneous.
Additional stresses due to bending of the column,
P/A Mc/I.
Assuming elastic material theory (never yields),
P approaches P
E
.
Actually, some strength loss
small e => small loss in strengths
large e => strength loss can be substantial
Load Eccentricity

( )
2
2
e
EI
P
KL
=
( )
2
2
e
EI
F
KL
r
=
2
2
2
2
) 2 / 1 (
4
L
EI
L
EI
P
E
= =
Similar to pin-pin,
with L = L/2.
Load Strength =
4 times as large.
EXAMPLE
KL
Set up equilibrium and solve
similarly to Euler buckling
derivation.
Determine a K-factor.
End Restraint (Fixed)
Length of equivalent pin ended
column with similar elastic
buckling load,
Effective Length = KL
End Restraint (Fixed)
Distance between points of
inflection in the buckled shape.
Handout on K-factors
EquivalentLength.pdf
F
y
E
T
= Tangent Modulus
E
(F
y
-F
res)
c
o
Test Results from an Axially Loaded Stub Column
Inelastic Material Effects
KL/r
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
e
o
Elastic Behavior
KL/r
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
e
o
F
y
-F
res
F
y
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
T
c
Inelastic
Elastic
KL/r
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
e
o
F
y
-F
res
F
y
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
T
c
Inelastic
Elastic
Elastic Buckling: E
T
= E
No yielding prior to buckling
F
e
s F
y
-F
res(max)

F
e
= predicts buckling (EULER BUCKLING)
Two classes of buckling:
Inelastic Buckling:
Some yielding/loss of stiffness prior to buckling
F
e
> F
y
-F
res(max)

F
c
- predicts buckling (INELASTIC BUCKLING)
F
y
KL/r
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
E
Experimental Data
Overall Column Strength
F
y
KL/r
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
E
Experimental Data
Inelastic Material effects
Including Residual Stresses
Out of Straightness
Major factors determining strength:
1) Slenderness (L/r).
2) End restraint (K factors).
3) Initial crookedness or load eccentricity.
4) Prior yielding or residual stresses.
The latter 2 items are highly variable between specimens.

Chapter E:
Compression Strength
42 Compression AISC Manual 14th Ed
|
c
= 0.90 (O
c
= 1.67)
43
Specification considers the following conditions:
Flexural Buckling
Torsional Buckling
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
44
Compressive Strength

The following slides assume:
Non-slender flange and web sections
Doubly symmetric members
46
Since members are non-slender and doubly symmetric,
flexural (global) buckling is the most likely potential failure
mode prior to reaching the squash load.
Buckling strength depends on the slenderness of the section,
defined as KL/r.
The strength is defined as
P
n
= F
cr
A
g
Equation E3-1
47

F
e
= elastic (Euler) buckling stress, Equation E3-4
If , then F
cr
= 0.877F
e
Equation E3-3

This defines the elastic buckling limit
with a reduction factor, 0.877, times the theoretical limit.

If , then . Equation E3-2

This defines the inelastic buckling limit.
y
F
E
.
r
KL
71 4 s
y
F
F
cr
F . F
e
y
(
(
= 658 0
y
F
E
.
r
KL
71 4 >
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
e
KL/r
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
e
o
49
Elastic Behavior
KL/r
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
e
o
50
F
y
-F
res
F
y
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
T
c
Inelastic
Elastic
KL/r
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
e
o
51
F
y
-F
res
F
y
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
T
c
Inelastic
Elastic
KL/r
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
e
o
52
F
y
Inelastic
Elastic
y
F
F
cr
F . F
e
y
(
(
= 658 0
e cr
F . F 877 0 =
y
F
E
.71 4
0.44F
y
Design Aids
Table 4-22
|
c
F
cr
as a function of KL/r
Tables 4-1 to 4-20
|
c
P
n
as a function of KL
y
Useful for all shapes.
Larger KL/r value controls.
Can be applied to KL
x
by
dividing KL
y
by r
x
/r
y
.
Slenderness Criteria

Per Section E.2

Recommended to provide
KL/r less than 200
LOCAL BUCKLING
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.
Failure is localized at areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or imperfections.
Failure is localized at
areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or
imperfections.
Web is restrained by the flanges.
(maximum moment) or
imperfections.
(maximum moment) or
imperfections.

Local Buckling:
Criteria in Table B4.1
Strength in Chapter E: Members with Slender Elements

Local Buckling Criteria
Slenderness of the flange and web, , are used as criteria to
determine whether local buckling might control in the elastic or
inelastic range, otherwise the global buckling criteria controls.

Criteria
r
are based on plate buckling theory.
For W-Shapes
FLB, = b
f
/2t
f
rf
=

WLB, = h/t
w

rw
=

y
F
E
.56 0
y
F
E
.49 1
>
r
slender element
Failure by local buckling occurs.
Covered in Section E7
Many rolled W-shape sections are dimensioned such
that the full global criteria controls.
65
Local Buckling

Section E7:
Members with Slender
Elements
THE FOLLOWING SLIDES CONSIDER
SLENDER FLANGES AND SLENDER
WEBS
NOT COMMON FOR W-SHAPES!!

F
e
= elastic (Euler) buckling stress
For a doubly symmetric section, Equation E3-4

If , then F
cr
= 0.877F
e
. Equation E7-3

This defines elastic buckling limit similar to non-slender
elements. Q has no impact in this region.

If , then Equation E7-2

This defines inelastic buckling limit.
y
QF
E
.
r
KL
71 4 s
y
F
QF
cr
F . Q F
e
y
(
(
= 658 0
y
QF
E
.
r
KL
71 4 >
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
e
Q = Reduction Factor for local buckling effects.
Equations E7-4 to E7-16
Q = 1 when section is non-slender.
No reduction from Section E3.
Q = Q
s
Q
a
for slender sections.
Q
s
= Reduction Factor for slender unstiffened element
Q
a
= Reduction Factor for slender stiffened element
69
Compression Strength Slender Sections
For projections from rolled shapes (except for single angles)
Base on slenderness b/t. (ratio is b
f
/2t
f
for a W-shape)
For b/t Q
s
= 1.0 Equation E7-4
y
F
E
.56 0

For < b/t <

Equation E7-5
E
F
t
b
. - . Q
y
s
|
.
|
\
|
= 74 0 415 1
y
F
E
.03 1
y
F
E
.56 0
For b/t Equation E7-6
( )
2
69 0
t
b
F
E .
Q
y
s
=
y
F
E
.03 1
70
Q
s
for Unstiffened Elements
For projections from built-up shapes (except for single angles)
Base on slenderness b/t.
For b/t Q
s
= 1.0 Equation E7-7
y
c
F
Ek
.64 0

For < b/t <

Equation E7-8
c
y
s
Ek
F
t
b
. - . Q
|
.
|
\
|
= 65 0 415 1
y
c
F
Ek
.17 1
y
c
F
Ek
.64 0

For b/t Equation E7-9

( )
2
90 0
t
b
F
Ek .
Q
y
c
s
=
y
c
F
Ek
.17 1
71
Q
s
w
c
t
h
k
4
=
k
c
shall not be taken less than 0.35 nor greater
than 0.76 for calculation purposes.
72
Q
s
For single angles and stems of T sections
see sections E7.1c and E7.1d respectively.
73
Q
s
Q
a
= A
e
/A
g
A
g
= gross cross sectional area of the member
A
e
= effective area of the cross section based
on the reduced effective width b
e
74
Q
a
for Stiffened Elements
Base on slenderness b/t. (ratio is h/t
w
for a W-shape)
f = F
cr
as calculated assuming Q = 1.0
or, conservatively, can use f = F
y
.

For b/t

Equation E7-17
( )
0 34
1 92 1
e
E . E
b . t b
b
f f
t
(
(
= s
(

f
E
.49 1
75
Q
a
for Stiffened Elements
FULL STRUCTURE BEHAVIOR
ALIGNMENT CHART
OR
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHODS
Does not redistribute restraining
moments into girders/beams.
ALIGNMENT CHART
Traditional Method
Determine effective length, KL,
for each column.
Basis for design similar to
individual columns.
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
Analysis of entire structure interaction.
Include lateral Notional loads.
All members must be evaluated under combined
axial and flexural load.
No K values required.
Reduce stiffness of structure.
ALIGNMENT CHART METHOD
IS USED FOR THE FOLLOWING
SLIDES
ALIGNMENT CHART
Traditional Method
Determine effective length, KL,
for each column.
Basis for design similar to
individual columns.
Does not redistribute restraining
moments into girders/beams.
K-FACTORS FOR END CONSTRAINTS
No Joint Translation Allowed Sidesway Inhibited
0.5 s K s 1.0
Joint Translation Allowed Sidesway Uninhibited
1.0 s K s
K-FACTORS FOR END CONSTRAINTS
Behavior of individual column unchanged
(Frame merely provides end conditions).
Two categories,
Braced Frames, 0.5 s K s 1.0
Sway Frames, K 1.0
Floors do not translate relative
to one another in-plane.
Typically, members are pin
connected to save cost.
Sidesway Prevented
Assume girder/beam
infinitely rigid or
flexible compared to
columns to bound
results.
K=0.7
K=0.5
K=1 K=0.7
Sidesway Prevented
Shear
Wall
Idealized Equivalent
Sidesway Prevented
Shear
Wall
Sidesway Prevented
Shear
Wall
Sidesway Prevented
Typically, members are pin-connected to save cost (K = 1).
If members include fixity at connections,
Alignment Chart Method to account for rotational restraint (K < 1).
Typical design will assume K = 1 as a conservative upper bound
(actual K 0.8 not much difference from K = 1 in design).
Sidesway Prevented
Floors can translate relative to
one another in-plane.
Enough members are fixed to
provide stability.
Number of moment frames
chosen to provide reasonable
force distribution and
redundancy.
Sway Frame
Assume girder/beam
infinitely rigid or
flexible compared to
columns to bound
results.
K=2
K=1
K = K=2
Sway Frame
Moment Frame
Sway Frame
Moment Frame
Sway Frame
Moment Frame
Sway Frame
Calculate G at the top and bottom of the column (G
A
and G
B
).
G is inversely proportional to the degree
of rotational restraint at column ends.
I = moment of inertia of the members
L = length of the member between joints
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
girders
columns
L
EI
L
EI
G
Alignment Charts
Alignment Charts
Separate Charts for Sidesway Inhibited and Uninhibited
Sidesway Inhibited
(Braced Frame)
Sidesway UnInhibited
(Sway Frame)
Alignment Charts
Sidesway Inhibited
(Braced Frame)
(Sway Frame)
G
top
X
G
bottom
X
G
top
X
G
bottom
X
Alignment Charts
Sidesway Inhibited
(Braced Frame)
(Sway Frame)
G
top
X
G
bottom
X
K

K

G
top
X
G
bottom
X
Use the IN-PLANE stiffness I
x
if in major axis
direction, I
y
if in minor axis.
Girders/Beams are typically bending about I
x

when column restraint is considered.
Only include members RIGIDLY
ATTACHED (pin ended members are
not included in G calculations).
If column base is pinned theoretical G = .
AISC recommends use of 10.
If column base is fixed theoretical G = 0.
AISC recommends use of 1.
Alignment Charts
ALIGNMENT CHART ASSUMPTIONS:
1) Behavior is purely elastic.
2) All members have constant cross section.
3) All joints are rigid.
4) Sidesway Inhibited (Braced) single curvature bending of
girders.
5) Sidesway Uninhibited (Sway) reverse curvature bending of
girders.
6) Stiffness parameter of all columns is equal.
7) Joint restraint is distributed to columns above and below the joint
in proportion to EI/L of the columns.
8) All columns buckle simultaneously.
9) No significant axial compression force exists in the girders.
Alignment Charts
Lets evaluate the assumptions.
Alignment Charts
girders.
girders.
Alignment Charts
If the column behavior is inelastic,
Yielding decreases stiffness of the column.
Relative joint restraint of the girders increases.
G therefore decreases, as does K.
Decrease is typically small.
Conservative to ignore effects.
Can account for effects by using a
stiffness reduction factor, t, times G.
(SRF Table 4-21)
Alignment Charts
girders.
girders.
Alignment Charts
These conditions can be directly accounted
for, but are generally avoided in design.
Partial restraint of connections and non-
uniform members effectively change the
rotational stiffness at the connections.
Only include members RIGIDLY
ATTACHED (pin ended members are not
included in G calculations).
Alignment Charts
girders.
girders.
Alignment Charts
Calculation of G accounts for rotational stiffness
restraint at each joint based on assumed bending.
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
girders
columns
L
EI
m
L
EI
G
For other conditions include a correction factor
m to account for actual rotational stiffness of the
girder at the joint.
Alignment Charts
Far end pinned
Bending Stiffness =
Bending Stiffness =
Bending Stiffness =
Sidesway Inhibited (Braced)
Assumption: single curvature
bending of girder.
Far end fixed
Alignment Charts
2EI
L
3EI
L
m = (3EI/L)/(2EI/L) = 1.5
m = (4EI/L)/(2EI/L) = 2
4EI
L
Far end pinned
Sidesway Uninhibited (Sway)
Assumption: reverse curvature
bending of girder.
Far end fixed
Bending Stiffness =
Bending Stiffness =
Bending Stiffness =
109
Compression Theory
Alignment Charts
6EI
L
3EI
L
m = (3EI/L)/(6EI/L) = 1/2
4EI
L
m = (4EI/L)/(6EI/L) = 2/3
girders.
girders.
Alignment Charts
Design typically checks each story
independently, based on these assumptions.
In general, columns are chosen to be a similar size for more
than one story. For each column section this results in sections
with extra strength in upper floors, and close to their strength
in lower floors.
Actual conditions can be directly accounted
for, but are generally ignored in design.
Alignment Charts
girders.
girders.
Alignment Charts
This case will be addressed first, with the
concept valid for general conditions as well.
In a story not all columns will be loaded to their full strength.
Some are ready to buckle, while others have additional strength.
An extreme case of this is a leaner column.
Alignment Charts
LEANER COLUMNS
Leaner Columns
For this structure note that the right columns are pinned
at each connection, and provide no bending restraint.
Theoretically G at top and bottom is infinite.
Moment Frame
Leaner
Columns
Theoretically the column has an infinite KL.
Therefore, the strength should be zero.
For Leaner Columns:
G
top
= Infinity
G
bottom
= Infinity
Therefore K= Infinity

KL= Infinite

So the column has no strength
according to the alignment chart

Leaner Columns
Moment
Frame
Leaner
Columns
Consider only applying a small load to the right columns
Leaner Columns
Moment
Frame
Surely a small load could be applied without causing
instability! (Due to connection to the rest of the structure)
Leaner
Columns
Consider only applying a small load to the right columns
Leaner Columns
P
A
K = infinity
|P
n
= zero
P
A
K < infinity
|P
n
> zero
Actual Condition Chart
Provided that the moment frame is not loaded to its full
strength, it can provide some lateral restraint to the leaner
columns. This is indicated by the spring in the figure above.
Leaner Columns
P

Note that the result of a vertical force trying to translate
through displacement, A, is a lateral load of value PA/H
applied to the system.
A
PA/H

H

PA/H

P

Leaner Columns
leaner
1
2 3
4
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
P = P
e
P = P
1
+P
2
+P
3
+P
4
P
e
= P
1e
+P
2e
+P
3e
+P
4e
=P
1e
+P
4e

In the elastic range, the Sum of Forces concept states that
the total column capacities can be re-distributed
Leaner Columns
leaner
1
2 3
4
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
If P
2
= P
2e

Reach failure even if
P < P
e

However, the total load on a leaner column still must not
exceed the non-sway strength.
Leaner Columns
A system of columns for each story should be considered.
Actual design considers inelastic behavior of the sections,
but the basic concept is the same.
The strength of the story is the load
which would cause all columns to sway.
The strength of an individual column is
the load which would cause it to buckle
in the non-sway mode (K=1).
Leaner Columns
EXAMPLE DEMONSTRATION
SEE YURA VIDEOS
Once the limit against lateral buckling and
lateral restraint is reached, the entire story
will exhibit sidesway buckling.
In general, each story is a system of columns which are loaded to
varying degrees of their limiting strength.
Those with additional strength can provide
lateral support to those which are at their
sidesway buckling strength.
Alignment Chart
Alignment Chart
girders.
girders.
Axial load reduces bending stiffness of a section.

In girders, account for this with reduction factor on EI/L.
Alignment Chart
If bending load dominates, consider the
member a girder with reduced rotational
stiffness at the joint (axial load reduction).
If axial load dominates, consider member a
column with extra strength to prevent the
story from buckling (sum of forces approach).
It is helpful to think in terms of members controlled by axial
force or bending, rather than girders and columns.
Alignment Chart
Alignment Chart Issues

To account for inelastic column effects,
stiffness reduction factors, t
a
,
used to reduce EI of the columns.
Stiffness Reduction Factors
Table 4-21
Alignment Chart
If beams have significant axial load,
they provide less rotational restraint.
1-Q/Q
cr
Q = axial load
Q
cr
= axial in-plane buckling strength with K=1
Reduce rotational stiffness component (EI/L) of beams
with modification,
This is also valid for columns at a joint (multiple stories),
which carry minimal axial load compared to their strengths.
Alignment Chart
To account for story buckling concept, all columns
must reach their capacity to allow for story failure.
Revise K to account for story effects.
Alignment Chart
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
8
5
n
n
r
r
K
L K
EI
P
P
L
EI
K >
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
K
n2
= K factor directly from the alignment chart
P
r
= Load on the column (factored for LRFD)
K
2
from Equation C-A-7-8
IS USED FOR THE FOLLOWING
SLIDES
Analysis of entire structure interaction.
Include lateral Notional loads.
No K values required.
Reduce stiffness of structure.
Further evaluation of this method is
included in the module on Combined
Forces.

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