Introduction

• Geometry – This word comes from

the Greek and means measurement
of the earth (geo = earth, metry =
measurement).
• In order to answer basic questions
about the earth and its relationship to
the sun, the moon, and the planets
some fundamental concepts of
Geometry were developed in ancient
Greece.
• Geometers of the past had to be able
to visualize the earth and the
heavenly bodies in space.
• Some of the ancient methods are still
in use today to solve problems in the
modern world such as in construction,
road building, and even in medicine.
 Geometry Standard
• analyze characteristics and properties
of two- and three- dimensional
geometric shapes and develop
mathematical arguments about
geometric relationships;
• specify locations and describe spatial
relationships using co-ordinate
geometry and other representational
systems;
• apply transformations and use
symmetry to analyze mathematical
situations;
• use visualization, spatial reasoning,
and geometric modeling to solve
problems.
 WHY GEOMETRY?
Reasons-
• To promote the ability to visualize and
mentally manipulate objects in space.
This is skill used in a number
professions (e.g., surgeon or dentist a
carpenter, architect, clothes designer)
• Foundational skill in many jobs to see
things in the mind’s eye.
 Visualization
Point
Line
Ray
Plane
Endpoints
Line Segment
 POINT
SEGEMENT

LINE

RAY
• Line Segment are formed by joining
two points (in the shortest possible
way or is the part of a line lying
between two points on that line.
These two points are called
endpoints.
• A Ray is the part of a line lying on one
side of a point on the line.
• http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclope

• 1.1 exercises and activities

 1.2 Angles
• An angle is the union of two line
segments with a common endpoint
called a vertex.
• Used to represent an amount of
rotation (turning) about a fixed point in
counterclockwise direction.
• Suppose there are two rays with a
common endpoint. The two rays and
the region between them is called the
angle at a point P formed by the two
rays.
• The smallest amount of
counterclockwise rotation about P
needed to rotate one of the rays to
the position of the other ray.
Are the two angles the same?
 Measurement of Angle
• Degrees – indicated with a little circle:
º
. For example 90º. A full circle (to
come back where you started) is 360º.
Half turn is 180º.
• Clockwise turns have a negative
measurement.
 ACUTE ANGLE

Right Angle

OBTUSE ANGLE
• Right Angle – If the angle formed by
the two rays is 90º.
• When two lines in a plane meet, they
form four angles.
• When all four of these angles made
by two intersecting lines are 90º, the
lines are called perpendicular lines.
• Two lines in a plane that do not
intersect are called parallel lines.
• Normal Line at a point on surface is a
line that passes through that point
and is perpendicular to the surface at
that point.
• Physical Principle of reflection –
– Incoming light and reflected light
make the same angle with the
normal line at the point where the
incoming light ray hits the surface
– Normal Light ray lies in the
same plane as the normal line
and the incoming light ray.
– The reflected ray and incoming
light ray coincide only when
incoming light ray lines up with
the normal line
Light Rays Reflecting Off Surfaces

Normal Line
Incomming light ray reflected light ray'

60 degrees
60 degrees

Reflective Surface