Digital Fundamentals

CHAPTER 1
Digital Concepts

Slide 1
1.1 Digital and Analog Quantities

• Analog quantities have continuous

values
• Digital quantities have discrete sets of
values

Slide 2
Digital and Analog Quantities (cont…)

Analog quantities have

Digital quantities have
continuous values
discrete sets of values

Slide 3
Digital and Analog Quantities (cont…)

Types of electronic devices or instruments:

• Analog
• Digital
• Combination analog and digital

Slide 4
1.2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms

• The conventional numbering system

uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.

• The binary numbering system uses just

two digits: 0 and 1.

Slide 5
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
(cont…)

• The two binary digits are designated 0

and 1

• They can also be called LOW and HIGH,

where LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1

Slide 6
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
(cont….)

Binary values are also

represented by voltage levels

Slide 7
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
(cont….)

Major parts of a digital pulse

• Base line
• Amplitude
• Rise time (tr)
• Pulse width (tw)
• Fall time (tf)

Slide 8
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
(cont….)

• tw = pulse width
• T = period of the waveform
• f = frequency of the waveform
1
f=
T

Slide 9
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
(cont….)

The duty cycle of a binary waveform is

defined as:
 tw 
Duty cycle =  100%
 T 

Slide 10
1.3 Basic Logic Operations

There are only three basic logic operations:

Slide 11
Basic Logic Operations (cont….)

The NOT operation

• When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH

• When the input is HIGH, the output is LOW

The output logic level is

always opposite the input
logic level.

Slide 12
Basic Logic Operations (cont….)

• The AND operation

– When any input is LOW,
the output is LOW
– When both inputs are
HIGH, the output is
HIGH

Slide 13
Basic Logic Operations (cont….)

• The OR operation
– When any input is
HIGH, the output is
HIGH
– When both inputs are
LOW, the output is LOW

Slide 14
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)

• Comparison function
• Code conversion function
• Arithmetic functions
• Encoding function
• Decoding function
• Data selection function
• Data storage function
• Counting function

Slide 15
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)

Comparison function
• Compares two binary values and
determines whether or not they are
equal

Code conversion function

• Converts, or translates,
information from one code format
to another
Slide 16
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)

Arithmetic functions
• Perform the basic arithmetic
operations on two binary values:
– Addition
– Subtraction of two values
– Multiplication
– Division

Slide 17
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)

Encoding function
• Converts non-binary information
into a binary code

Decoding function
• Converts binary-coded information
into a non-binary form

Slide 18
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)

Data selection function

• Multiplexer (mux)
– Switches digital data from any
number of input sources to a single
output line
• Demultiplexer (demux)
– switches digital data from a single
input to any number of output lines

Slide 19
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)

Data storage function

• Retains binary data for a period of
time
– Flip-flops (bistable multvibrators)
– Registers
– Semiconductor memories
– Magnetic-media memories
– Optical-media memories

Slide 20
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)

Counting function
• Generates sequences of digital
pulse that represent numbers

Slide 21
1.4 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits

IC package styles
• Dual in-line package (DIP)
• Small-outline IC (SOIC)
• Flat pack (FP)
• Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)
• Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)

Slide 22
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits (cont….)

• Dual in-line package (DIP)

Slide 23
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits (cont….)

• Small-outline IC (SOIC)

Slide 24
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits (cont….)

• Flat pack (FP)

Slide 25
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits (cont….)

• Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)

Slide 26
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits (cont….)

• Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)

Slide 27
1.5 Test and Measurement Instruments

• Analog Oscilloscope
• Digital Oscilloscope
• Logic Analyzer
• Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current
Probe
• DC Power Supply
• Function Generator
• Digital Multimeter

Slide 28