Gas Exchange Process

VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY

Volumetric efficiency is affected by the following fuel, engine design, and engine operating variables :
I. Fuel type, fuellair ratio, fraction of fuel vaporized in the intake system, and fuel heat of vaporization

2. Mixture temperature as influenced by heat transfer

3. Ratio of exhaust to inlet manifold pressures 4. Compression ratio 5. Engine speed

6. Intake and exhaust manifold and port design

7. Intake and exhaust valve geometry, size, lift, and timings

VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY OF AN IDEAL CYCLE

EFFECT OF FUEL COMPOSITION, PHASE, AND FUEL AIR RATIO

EFFECT OF INLET AND EXHAUST PRESSURE RATIO AND COMPRESSION RATIO

Combined Quasi-Static and Dynamic Effects

FRICITONAL LOSSES

Pressure variation due to engine load

Ram Effect
The pressure in the inlet manifold varies during each cylinders intake process due to the piston velocity variation, valve open area variation, and the unsteady gas-flow effects that result from these geometric variations. The mass of air inducted into the cylinder, and hence the volumetric efficiency, is almost entirely determined by the pressure level in the inlet port during the short period before the inlet valve is closed.' At higher engine speeds, the inertia of the gas in the intake system as the intake valve is closing increases the pressure in the port and continues the charging process as the piston slows down around BC and starts the compression stroke. This effect becomes progressively greater as engine speed is increased. The inlet valve is closed some 40 to 60" after BC, in part to take advantage to ram phenomenon.

REVERSE FLOW INTO THE INTAKE

Because the inlet valve closes after the start of the compression stroke, a reverse flow of fresh charge from the cylinder back into the intake can occur as the cylinder pressure rises due to piston motion toward TC. This reverse flow is largest at the lowest engine speeds. It is an inevitable consequence of the inlet valve closing time chosen to take advantage of the ram effect at high speeds.

TUNING
The pulsating flow from each cylinder's exhaust process sets up pressure waves in the exhaust system. These pressure waves propagate at the local sound speed relative to the moving exhaust gas. The pressure waves interact with the pipe junctions and ends in the exhaust manifold and pipe. These interactions cause pressure waves to be reflected back toward the engine cylinder . These pressure waves may aid or inhibit the gas exchange processes. When they aid the process by reducing the pressure in the exhaust port toward the end of the exhaust process, the exhaust system is said to be tuned.

Instantaneous pressures in the intake and exhaust manifold

Variation with Speed, and Valve Area, Lift, and Timing

FLOW THROUGH VALVES

Poppet Valve Geometry

Flow Rate and Discharge Coefficients

RESIDUAL GAS FRACTION

EXHAUST GAS FLOW RATE AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION

SCAVENGING IN TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES

Scavenging Parameters and Models

FLOW THROUGH PORTS

SUPERCHARGING AND TURBOCHARGING