Muscular System

dr. Calvina Theresia dr. Michael Je

Introduction OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUES A. Muscle Types Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

B. Similarities 1. All muscle cells are elongated = muscle fibers 2. Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments (actin and myosin) 3. The cell membrane of a muscle cell is called "sarcolemma", while the cytoplasm of a muscle cell is called "sarcoplasm 4. The smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in muscle tissue is referred to as the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a eukaryotic organelle.

ER contains: Rough endoplasmic reticula synthesize proteins Smooth endoplasmic reticula synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids, and regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins. Sarcoplasmic reticula solely regulate calcium levels.

1 Nucleus 2 Nuclear pore 3 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 4 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 5 Ribosome on the rough ER 6 Proteins that are transported 7 Transport vesicle 8 Golgi apparatus 9 Cis face of the Golgi apparatus 10 Trans face of the Golgi apparatus 11 Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus

C. Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4. long, thin and multi-nucleated fibers striations voluntary control arranged into packages called muscles that attach to and cover the bony skeleton. 5. contracts rapidly & vigorously, but tired easily; may exert great force.

Introduction OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUES D. Cardiac Muscle Characteristics: 1. network of branched fibers connected by gap junctions (intercalated disks); 2. only in heart; 3. striations; 4. involuntary control; 5. contracts at rhythmic, steady rate set by "pacemaker". E. Smooth Muscle Characteristics: 1. lacks striations; 2. walls of hollow visceral organs and blood vessels; 3. involuntary control; 4. contractions are slow & sustained.

Introduction OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUES

F. Functions: 1. Movement = locomotion & manipulation, vision, facial expression (skeletal), blood pumping (cardiac), food digesting, urination (smooth) 2. Posture Maintenance (skeletal) 3. Joint Stability (skeletal) 4. Heat Generation (skeletal)

G. Functional Characteristics of Muscle: 1. Excitability = the ability to receive and respond to stimuli 2. Contractility = the ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated 3. Extensibility = the ability to be stretched or extended 4. Elasticity = the ability to bounce back to original length

Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal Muscle
Organ of the muscular system Skeletal muscle tissue Nervous tissue Blood Connective tissues Fascia Tendons Aponeuroses

Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Structure of a Skeletal Muscle: A. Each skeletal muscle is coved by a very tough fibrous layer of CT called deep fascia - the deep fascia may extend past the length of the muscle (tendon or aponeurosis), and attach that muscle to a bone, cartilage or muscle B. The epimysium is found deep to the fascia and closely surrounds the skeletal muscle

Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Structure of a Skeletal Muscle: C. The perimysium extends inward from the epimysium and separates the muscle tissue into small bundles called fascicles (fasciculi) D. Each fascicle is composed of muscle fibers that are surrounded by a fourth layer of CT called endomysium E. Each muscle fiber is composed of myofibrils - Each myofibril is composed of two types of protein filaments
1. Thick filaments primarily composed of the protein myosin 2. Thin filaments primarily composed of the protein actin

Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Structure of a Skeletal Muscle: F. Recall that skeletal muscle tissue possesses striations - Striations are caused by the arrangement of thick and thin filaments within the myofibrils

Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Structure of a Skeletal Muscle: G. Striations are caused by the arrangement of
thick and thin filaments within the myofibrils:

1. I-Band = light area = actin filaments only

2. A-Band = dark area = overlapping of thick and thin filaments 3. H zone = slightly lighter central region of A band = myosin filaments only 4. M line = center of sarcomere = consists of proteins that help hold myosin in place 5. titin = protein that anchors the myosin filaments to the Z line

Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal Muscle Fibers 3. Thin filaments= protein actin a. coiled helical structure (resembles twisted strands of pearls):
b. Tropomyosin = rodshaped protein spiraling around actin backbone to stabilize it; c. Troponin = complex of polypeptides: - one binds to actin - one that binds to tropomyosin - one that binds to calcium ions

Skeletal Muscle Fibers 2. Thick filaments = protein myosin a. rod-like tail (axis) that terminates in two globular heads or cross bridges b. Cross bridges interact with active sites on thin filaments;

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Motor unit: Single motor neuron All muscle fibers controlled by motor neuron As few as four fibers As many as 1000s of muscle fibers

Skeletal Muscle Contraction Skeletal Muscle Contraction: 1. Neuromuscular Junction Stimulation of Skeletal Muscle Cell: a. Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) the site where a motor nerve fiber and a skeletal muscle fiber meet; (also called a synapse or synaptic cleft) b. In order for a skeletal muscle to contract, its fibers must first be stimulated by a motor neuron

c. Motor End Plate = the specific

part of a skeletal muscle fiber's sarcolemma directly beneath the NMJ. d. Neurotransmitter = chemical substance released from a motor end fiber, causing stimulation of the sarcolemma of muscle fiber; acetylcholine (ACh) e. Synaptic cleft small space between neuron and muscle

Skeletal Muscle Contraction Skeletal Muscle Contraction: 4. Release of Calcium from SR Muscle impulses cause SR to release calcium ions into cytosol Calcium binds to troponin to change its shape The position of tropomyosin is altered Binding sites on actin are now exposed Actin and myosin molecules bind via myosin cross-bridges

Animation: Action Potentials and Muscle Contraction

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Skeletal Muscle Contraction

SKELETAL MUSCLE
5. Cross-Bridge Cycling

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

SKELETAL MUSCLE
5. Cross-Bridge Cycling

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

SKELETAL MUSCLE
5. Cross-Bridge Cycling

Skeletal Muscle Contaction

Skeletal Muscle Contraction SKELETAL MUSCLE 6. Changes in muscle during contraction: - The distance between the Z-lines of the sarcomeres decreases; - The I-Bands (light bands) and H zone narrows; - The A-Bands move closer together, but do not diminish in length.

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

SKELETAL MUSCLE

7. Sliding Filament Theory:

a. most popular theory concerning muscle contraction b. first proposed by Hugh Huxley in 1954 c. states that muscle contraction involves the sliding movement of the thin filaments (actin) past the thick filaments (myosin) d. Sliding continues until the overlapping between the thin & thick filaments is complete

 8.

Relaxation: a. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme present in the NMJ; b. It immediately destroys acetylcholine, so the motor end-plate is no l longer stimulated (i.e. it cannot cause continuous muscle contraction). c. Calcium ions are transported from sarcoplasm back into sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport d. Linkages between actin and myosin are broken. e. The muscle fiber relaxes.

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Skeletal Muscle Contraction Skeletal Muscle Contraction: 9. Energy Sources for Contraction: a. Introduction: The energy used to power the interaction between actin and myosin comes from ATP. b. ATP stored in skeletal muscle lasts only about six seconds. - ATP must be regenerated continuously if contraction is to continue. - There are three pathways in which ATP is regenerated: 1. Coupled Reaction with Creatine Phosphate (CP) 2. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration 3. Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Skeletal Muscle Contraction Skeletal Muscle Contraction: 9. Energy Sources for Contraction:

c. Coupled Reaction with Creatine Phosphate (CP) - CP + ADP <------> creatine + ATP - Muscle stores a lot of CP, - This coupling reaction allows for about 10 seconds worth of ATP.

Skeletal Muscle Contraction Skeletal Muscle Contraction: 9. Energy Sources for Contraction: d. Oxygen Supply and Cellular Respiration: a. Anaerobic Respiration - Steps are called glycolysis - Steps occur in the cytoplasm of the cell - Results in production of pyruvic acid and 2 ATP b. Aerobic Respiration - Steps are called citric acid cycle and electron transport chain - Oxygen is required - Steps occur in the mitochondrion of the cell. - Results in CO2, water and 36ATP

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Oxygen debt amount of oxygen needed by liver cells to use the accumulated lactic acid to produce glucose
Oxygen not available Glycolysis continues Pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid Liver converts lactic acid to glucose

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Muscle fatigue Inability to contract muscle Commonly caused from: Decreased blood flow Ion imbalances across the sarcolemma Accumulation of lactic acid Cramp sustained, involuntary muscle contraction Physiological vs. psychological fatigue

Heat production By-product of cellular respiration Muscle cells are major source of body heat Blood transports heat throughout body core

Muscular Responses

MUSCULAR RESPONSES
1. Threshold Stimulus a. The minimal strength of stimulation required to cause contraction. 2. Recording a Muscle Contraction a. A myogram is a recording of a muscle contraction b. The delay between stimulation and contraction is called the latent period c. A muscle fiber must return to its resting state, this is called the refractory period

Muscular Responses

MUSCULAR RESPONSES
3. All-or-Nothing Response - If a muscle fiber is brought to threshold or above, it responds with a complete contraction. - If the stimulus is sub-threshold, the muscle fiber will not respond.

Muscular Responses

MUSCULAR RESPONSES
5. Three factors determine the strength of a whole muscle contraction: 1. the frequency at which individual muscle fibers are stimulated 2. the number of motor units (how many muscle fibers are involved) 3. the initial length of the muscle

Muscular Responses

MUSCULAR RESPONSES
5. Three factors determine the strength of a whole muscle contraction: 1. the frequency at which individual muscle fibers are stimulated 2. the number of motor units (how many muscle fibers are involved) 3. the initial length of the muscle

Muscular Responses

Recruitment - increase in the number of motor

units activated

Whole muscle composed of many motor units As intensity of stimulation increases, recruitment
of motor units continues until all motor units are activated

Smaller motor units (smaller diameter axons)

recruited first Larger motor units (larger diameter axons) recruited later

Muscular Responses

MUSCULAR RESPONSES
5. Three factors determine the strength of a whole muscle contraction: 1. the frequency at which individual muscle fibers are stimulated 2. the number of motor units (how many muscle fibers are involved) 3. the initial length of the muscle

Muscular Responses Isotonic muscle contracts and changes length Eccentric lengthening contraction Isometric muscle contracts but does not change length

Concentric shortening contraction

Muscular Responses

Hypertrophy = increase in size of exercised muscles Atrophy = decrease in size of unused muscles

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QUESTIONS

1. How many type of muscle in human body and how to differentiate it? 2. What is sarcoplasm and sarcolemma? 3. Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments, what is it? 4. What is thick filament and thin filament?? 5. What neurotransmitter is needed for contractions and how it breakdown??

6. How many pathways to produce ATP? And explains? 7. How many ATP is produced by aerobic respiration?

8. What is Threshold Stimulus? 9. What is the different between isometric and isotonic? 10.What is atrophy and hypertrophy???

Smooth Muscle

Smooth Muscle Compared to skeletal muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers are: Shorter Single, centrally located nucleus Elongated with tapering ends Myofilaments randomly organized Lack striations Lack transverse tubules Sarcoplasmic reticula (SR) not well developed

Smooth Muscle Visceral Smooth Muscle Single-unit smooth muscle Sheets of muscle fibers Fibers held together by gap junctions Exhibit rhythmicity Exhibit peristalsis Walls of most hollow organs Slow sustained contraction Multi-unit Smooth Muscle Less organized Function as separate units Fibers function separately Iris of eye Walls of blood vessels Can have rapid and vigorous contraction

Smooth Muscle Resembles skeletal muscle contraction in that:

Interaction between actin and myosin Both use calcium and ATP Both are triggered by membrane impulses

Different from skeletal muscle contraction in that:

Smooth muscle lacks troponin Smooth muscle uses calmodulin Two neurotransmitters affect smooth muscle Acetlycholine (Ach) and norepinephrine (NE) Hormones affect smooth muscle (oxytocin) Stretching can trigger smooth muscle contraction Smooth muscle slower to contract and relax Smooth muscle more resistant to fatigue Smooth muscle can change length without changing tautness

Cardiac Muscle
CARDIAC MUSCLE (Will be studied in greater detail in Chapter 15)
A. Location: 1. Only in heart. B. Anatomy:

1. Striated uninuclear cells joined end-to-end forming a network. a. Cell junctions are called intercalated discs - gap junctions 2. Arrangement of actin and myosin not as organized as skeletal muscle. 3. Contains sarcoplasmic reticula, transverse tubules, and numerous mitochondria: a. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is less developed than SR in skeletal muscle and stores much less calcium.
C. Physiology 1. Self-exciting tissue (i.e. Pacemaker); 2. Rhythmic contractions (60-100 beats/minute); 3. Involuntary, all-or-nothing contractions a. Function as a syncytium (all-or-nothing) 4. Pumps blood to: a. Lungs for oxygenation; b. Body for distribution of oxygen and nutrients.

Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal Muscle Actions

Skeletal muscles generate a great variety of body movements.

The action of each muscle mostly depends upon the kind of joint it is associated with and the way the muscle is attached on either side of that joint.

Skeletal Muscle Actions

Skeletal Muscle Actions SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIONS A. Introduction: Skeletal muscles generate a great variety of body movements. The action of a muscle primarily depends upon the joint associated with it and the manner in which the muscle is attached on either side of that joint. Origin and Insertion: Recall that skeletal muscles are usually attached to a fixed body part and a movable body part 1. The origin of a muscle is its immovable (anchored) end. 2. The insertion of a muscle is the movable end of a muscle. **When a muscle contracts and shortens, its insertion is pulled toward its origin. B.

Skeletal Muscle Actions Review of Skeletal Muscle Actions:

1.

Flexion = decreasing the angle between 2 bones; a. Dorsiflexion = decreasing the angle between the foot and shin; b. Plantar flexion = pointing toes; 2. Extension = increasing the angle between 2 bones; 3. Abduction = moving a body part away from the midline; 4. Adduction = moving a body part toward the midline; 5. Circumduction = movement in a circular (cone-shaped) motion; 6. Rotation = turning movement of a bone about its long axis; (i.e. atlas/axis); 7. Supination = thumbs up; 8. Pronation = thumbs down; 9. Inversion = sole of foot in; 10. Eversion = sole of foot out; 11. Elevation = lifting a body part; (i.e. shoulder shrug); 12. Depression = returning a body part to pre-elevated position.

Skeletal Muscle Actions Interactions of Skeletal Muscles

1.

Prime Mover (agonist) = the primary muscle responsible for a movement. The biceps brachii in flexing the arm at the elbow,

2.

Antagonist(s) = the muscle(s) in opposition to the action of the prime mover. The antagonist relaxes (or stretches) during the prime movement. The triceps brachii is the antagonist of the biceps brachii when we flex the arm at the elbow. Synergist(s) = muscles that assist the prime mover. The brachialis helps the biceps brachii during elbow flexion.
Fixators = muscle groups that stabilize the origin of the prime mover (i.e. hold it in place) so that the prime mover can act more efficiently. The scapula is the origin for many arm muscles, but it must be held in place by fixator muscles in order to function in this way. a. serratus anterior b. pectoralis minor

3.

4.

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