Chemical Chemical Reactions Reactions

Chapter 5

You will need your periodic table for this chapter

C6H12O6(s) +

KClO3(l)

KCl(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Chemical Reactions and Equations:

Recall that when a substance undergoes a chemical change, it forms an entirely new substance with different chemical and physical properties. We describe this process by writing a chemical equation which links reactants and products. reactants products

Chemical Reactions:
Consider the reactions shown below. The physical properties of potassium include: solid, silvery metal, melting point 98 oC. The products of the reaction, H2 (a gas) and KOH (an ionic compound which dissolves in the excess water), have totally different physical and chemical properties. 2 K(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 KOH(aq) + H2(g)

During the progress of the reaction, the heat generated causes the potassium to melt and the hydrogen gas to burn (react with oxygen to form water).

Chemical Reactions:
2 KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

Another type of chemical reaction that involves a dramatic change in physical properties is the combination of ionic substances in solution to form an insoluble solid product (called a precipitate).

Chemical Reactions:
2 KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

Types of Chemical Reactions:

In general, chemical reactions fall into one of the following 4 categories:

1. Synthesis and 2. decomposition reactions. In synthesis, a new substance is formed (often from its elements), and in decomposition, one substance breaks down to form new substances.
Examples: C + O2
H H C C + HBr H H
Synthesis from elements.

CO2
H H H C C H H Br
Synthesis from a compound.

Types of Chemical Reactions:

In general, chemical reactions fall into one of the following 4 categories:

1. Synthesis and 2. decomposition reactions. In synthesis, a new substance is formed (often from its elements), and in decomposition, one substance breaks down to form new substances.
Examples: Cu2S CaCO3 2 Cu + S CaO + CO2
Decomposition into compounds. Decomposition into elements.

Types of Chemical Reactions:

These are often In general, chemical reactions fall into one of the referred to as replacement reactions. following 4 categories:

3. Single and 4. double displacement reactions. In displacements, two compounds, or an element and a compound, react so that their elements or ions are switched.
Examples: Fe2O3 + 3 H2
Single displacement of elements.

2 Fe + 3 H2O
Double displacement of ions.

AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl(s) + NaNO3 In displacement reactions, metals replace metals and nonmetals replace nonmetals.

A Sequence of Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers in Ions & Molecules:

The oxidation number of a pure element is zero, regardless of whether it is molecular or not (i.e. Br2). Group I metals are always +1. Group II metals are always +2.

Fluorine is always -1. In compounds with metals, hydrogen is -1, otherwise it is always +1. With a few exceptions, oxygen is always -2. Halogens are -1, except in compounds with oxygen. Sulfur and selenium are usually -2, except in compounds with oxygen.

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Many synthesis, decomposition and single displacement reactions are called REDOX reactions:

Oxidation and reduction reactions. In REDOX reactions, one or more atoms undergo a change in oxidation state.
In the starting materials, C and O2 are both zero, by definition.

Examples: C + O2
In the product, C is +4 and O is -2.

CO2
Note that this is also a synthesis reaction.

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Many synthesis, decomposition and single displacement reactions are called REDOX reactions:

Oxidation and reduction reactions. In REDOX reactions, one or more atoms undergo a change in oxidation state.
In the starting materials, H2 is zero, Ni is +2 and Cl is -1.

Examples: H2(g) + NiCl2 (aq)

Ni (s) + 2 HCl (aq)

Note that this is also a single displacement reaction; an element reacting with a compound.

In the product, Ni is zero, H is +1 and Cl is -1.

In-Class Problem:
Are the following reactions examples of synthesis, decomposition, single or double displacements? 3 H 2 + N2 2 NH3

Synthesis from elements.

PbCl4 + 2 F2

PbF4 + 2 Cl2

Single displacement; the non-metal replaces the nonmetal.

Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq)

BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

Double displacement; the exchange of ions.

In-Class Problem:
Are the following reactions examples of synthesis, decomposition, single or double displacements? 2H2O2 (aq) O2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

Decomposition; a single reactant forms two new substances.

PCl3 (l) + Cl2 (g)

PCl5 (s)

Synthesis; two reactants making one product.

2 FeCl3 + 3 Zn

3 ZnCl2 + 2 Fe

Single displacement; an element reacting with a compound.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a synthesis reaction beginning with elements, simply utilize the common charges of the elements and the principle of charge balance to predict what compound is likely to be formed. Example:

Al(s) + Br2 (g)

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a synthesis reaction beginning with elements, simply utilize the common charges of the elements and the principle of charge balance to predict what compound is likely to be formed. Example:

Al will typically form a +3 ion.

Al(s) + Br2 (g)

Br will typically form a -1 ion.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a synthesis reaction beginning with elements, simply utilize the common charges of the elements and the principle of charge balance to predict what compound is likely to be formed. Example:

Al will typically form a +3 ion.

Al(s) + Br2 (g)

AlBr3 (s)

Br will typically form a -1 ion.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a synthesis reaction beginning with elements, simply utilize the common charges of the elements and the principle of charge balance to predict what compound is likely to be formed. Example:

Al(s) + Br2 (g)

AlBr3 (s)

Now, balance the equation.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a synthesis reaction beginning with elements, simply utilize the common charges of the elements and the principle of charge balance to predict what compound is likely to be formed. Example:

2 Al(s) + 3 Br2 (g)

2 AlBr3 (s)

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a synthesis reaction beginning with nonmetal elements, simply examine the number of valence electrons of each in order to predict what compound is likely to be formed. Example:

H2(g) + O2 (g)

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a synthesis or decomposition reactions involving nonmetal elements, simply examine the number of valence electrons of each in order to predict what compounds are likely to be formed. Example:
Both reactants are nonmetals and will form a covalent compound. Hydrogen has one valence electron.

H2(g) + O2 (g)

Oxygen has six valence electrons. And will therefore form bonds to two hydrogens.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a synthesis or decomposition reactions involving nonmetal elements, simply examine the number of valence electrons of each in order to predict what compounds are likely to be formed. Example:
Both reactants are nonmetals and will form a covalent compound. Hydrogen has one valence electron.

2 H2(g) + O2 (g)

2 H2O(g)
Oxygen has six valence electrons. And will therefore form bonds to two hydrogens.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a single displacement reaction beginning with elements, again utilize the common charges of the elements and the principle of charge balance to predict what compound is likely to be formed. Recall that in a displacement reaction, metals replace metals and nonmetals replace nonmetals. Example:
Pb is +4 in this compound.

PbCl4(s) + F2 (g)
F will replace the Cl and will form a -1 ion.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a single displacement reaction beginning with elements, again utilize the common charges of the elements and the principle of charge balance to predict what compound is likely to be formed. Recall that in a displacement reaction, metals replace metals and nonmetals replace nonmetals. Example:
Pb is +4 in this compound.

PbCl4(s) + F2 (g)

PbF4 + Cl2
F will replace the Cl and will form a -1 ion.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a single displacement reaction beginning with elements, again utilize the common charges of the elements and the principle of charge balance to predict what compound is likely to be formed. Recall that in a displacement reaction, metals replace metals and nonmetals replace nonmetals. Example:

PbCl4(s) + F2 (g)

PbF4 + Cl2

Now, balance the equation.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a single displacement reaction beginning with elements, again utilize the common charges of the elements and the principle of charge balance to predict what compound is likely to be formed. Recall that in a displacement reaction, metals replace metals and nonmetals replace nonmetals. Example:

PbCl4(s) + 2 F2 (g)

PbF4 + 2 Cl2

Now, balance the equation.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

One of the most important single displacement reactions involves reaction of a metal oxide with hydrogen gas or carbon to give the pure metal and water or CO2. This is a case where the metal-metal rule does not apply. Examples: Cu2O(s) + H2 (g) 2 Fe2O3(s) + 3 C (s) 2 Cu (s) + H2O (g) 4 Fe (s) + 3 CO2 (g)

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a double displacement reaction, compounds react in such a way that the elements or ions that make them up are exchanged, or switched. In general, in a double displacement reaction, cations replace cations and anions replace anions. Example:

K2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq)

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a double displacement reaction, compounds react in such a way that the elements or ions that make them up are exchanged, or switched. In general, in a double displacement reaction, cations replace cations and anions replace anions. Example:
K will exchange with Ba in the product.

K2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq)

NO3- will exchange with SO42in the product.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

For a double displacement reaction, compounds react in such a way that the elements or ions that make them up are exchanged, or switched. In general, in a double displacement reaction, cations replace cations and anions replace anions. Example:
K+ will exchange with Ba2+ in the product.

K2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq)

2KNO3 (aq) + BaSO4 (s)

NO3- will exchange with SO42in the product.

In-Class Problem:
Predict the products and write a balanced equation for each of the following chemical reactions: H2 + N2 3 H 2 + N2 2 NH3 reaction This is a synthesis involving two nonmetals and NH3 will be formed.

Zn + HCl

Zn + 2 HCl

ZnCl This is a single displacement 2 + H2 in reaction which the Zn will the H, displace forming H2.

In-Class Problem:
Predict the products and write a balanced equation for each of the following chemical reactions: AgNO3 + MgCl2 2 AgNO3 + MgCl2 2 AgCl + Mg(NO3)2
This is a double displacement reaction and the ions will exchange.

Fe2O3 + Cl2

2 Fe2O3 + 6 Cl2

4 FeCl3 + 3 O2
This is a single displacement reaction in which the nonmetals Cl and O, will exchange.

In-Class Problem:
Predict the products and write a balanced equation for each of the following chemical reactions: Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 2 NaNO3 4 + This isBaSO a double displacement reaction and the ions will exchange.

Na2S + Pb(NO3)2

Na2S + Pb(NO3)2

+ 2 NaNO3 This is PbS a double displacement reaction and the ions will exchange.

Predicting Chemical Reactions:

In order for a double displacement reaction to occur, one of the compounds formed must form a solid precipitate or a gas. Examples: K2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq) NaCl(aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq)

Solubility Table {water}, for use in 101 ONLY!

1. Nearly all alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) and ammonium NH4+ compounds are soluble.
2. Nearly all nitrates NO3- and acetates CH3COO- of compounds are soluble. 3. Halides (Cl-, Br- and I-) are soluble, except for Ag+, Pb2+, Hg+ and Cu+.

4. Sulfates SO42- are soluble, except for Ba2+, Pb2+ and Ca2+.
5. With the exception of rule 1 above and Ca2+, Ba2+ and Sr2+, BOTH hydroxides OH- and sulfides S2- are insoluble. 6. With the exception of rule 1 above, all carbonates CO32-, sulfites SO32- and phosphates PO43- are insoluble.

In-Class Problem:
Predict the solubility of the following ionic compounds:
Nitrates and acetates of nearly all metals are soluble.

AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl

soluble

PbI2 Mg(NO3)2 BaSO4 FeCl3

Ba(NO3)2

Pb(CH3COO)2

In-Class Problem:
Predict the solubility of the following ionic compounds:
Metal halides (Cl-, Br- and I-) PbI2 except for Ag+, are soluble, Pb2+, Hg+ and Cu+.

AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl

soluble soluble

Mg(NO3)2 BaSO4 FeCl3

Ba(NO3)2

Pb(CH3COO)2

In-Class Problem:
Predict the solubility of the following ionic compounds:

AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl

soluble soluble soluble

PbI2 Metal sulfates are soluble, except for Ba2+, Pb2+ and Ca2+. Mg(NO3)2 BaSO4 FeCl3

Ba(NO3)2

Pb(CH3COO)2

In-Class Problem:
Predict the solubility of the following ionic compounds:

AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl

soluble soluble soluble insoluble

PbI2
Metal halides (Cl-, Br- and I-) Mg(NO3) 2 are soluble, except for Ag+, 2+, Hg+ and Cu+. Pb BaSO
4

FeCl3

Ba(NO3)2

Pb(CH3COO)2

In-Class Problem:
Predict the solubility of the following ionic compounds:

AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl

soluble soluble soluble insoluble

PbI2
3 2 acetates of Nitrates and nearlyBaSO all metals are soluble. 4

Mg(NO )

FeCl3

Ba(NO3)2

soluble

Pb(CH3COO)2

In-Class Problem:
Predict the solubility ofI-) the following ionic Metal halides (Cl-, Br- and compounds: are soluble, except for Ag+, Pb2+, Hg+ and Cu+. AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl soluble soluble soluble insoluble PbI2 Mg(NO3)2 BaSO4 FeCl3 insoluble

Ba(NO3)2

soluble

Pb(CH3COO)2

In-Class Problem:
Predict the solubility of the following ionic compounds: Nitrates and acetates of
nearly all metals are soluble.

AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl

soluble soluble soluble insoluble

PbI2 Mg(NO3)2 BaSO4 FeCl3

insoluble soluble

Ba(NO3)2

soluble

Pb(CH3COO)2

In-Class Problem:
Metal sulfates are soluble, except for Ba2+, Pb2+ and Ca2+.

Predict the solubility of the following ionic compounds:

AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl

soluble soluble soluble insoluble

PbI2 Mg(NO3)2 BaSO4 FeCl3

insoluble soluble insoluble

Ba(NO3)2

soluble

Pb(CH3COO)2

In-Class Problem:
Predict the solubility of the following ionic -, Br- and I-) Metal halides (Cl compounds: +
are soluble, except for Ag , Pb2+, Hg+ and Cu+.

AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl

soluble soluble soluble insoluble

PbI2 Mg(NO3)2 BaSO4 FeCl3

insoluble soluble insoluble soluble

Ba(NO3)2

soluble

Pb(CH3COO)2

In-Class Problem:
Predict the solubility of the following ionic compounds:
Nitrates and acetates of nearly all metals are soluble.

AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl

soluble soluble soluble insoluble

PbI2 Mg(NO3)2 BaSO4 FeCl3

insoluble soluble insoluble soluble

Ba(NO3)2

soluble

Pb(CH3COO)2 soluble

In-Class Problem:
Predict the solubility of the following ionic compounds:

AgNO3 MgCl2 Na2SO4 AgCl

soluble soluble soluble insoluble

PbI2 Mg(NO3)2 BaSO4 FeCl3

insoluble soluble insoluble soluble

Ba(NO3)2

soluble

Pb(CH3COO)2 soluble

In-Class Problem:
Determine the products and precipitate in the following chemical reaction: Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2 NaNO3

Metal sulfates are soluble, except for Ba2+, Pb2+ and Ca2+.
Nitrates and acetates of nearly all metals are soluble.

In-Class Problem:
Determine the products and precipitate in the following chemical reaction: Ca(OH)2 + K2CO3
With the exception of rule 1 all carbonates CO32- are insoluble

CaCO3 + 2 KOH

With the exception of rule 1 above and Ca, Ba and Sr, hydroxides OH- are insoluble

A Sequence of Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers in Ions & Molecules:

The oxidation number of a pure element is zero, regardless of whether it is molecular or not (i.e. Br2). Group I metals are always +1. Group II metals are always +2. Fluorine is always -1. In compounds with metals, hydrogen is -1, otherwise it is always +1. With a few exceptions, oxygen is always -2.

Halogens are -1, except in compounds with oxygen. Sulfur and selenium are usually -2, except in compounds with oxygen.

Recognizing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:

An oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons. An element which is oxidized will have an increase in its oxidation number (i.e., +2 to +3). A reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. An element which is reduced will have an decrease in its oxidation number (i.e., 0 to -1). Many of the synthesis, decomposition and single displacement reactions we have discussed are also oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. You will see in Chem112, recognizing REDOX reactions have taken place is much more important than classifying reactions as synthesis, displacement, etc.

In-Class Problem:
Determine whether the following chemical reaction involves oxidation-reduction:
In the starting materials, the oxidation numbers are: Al, 0; Fe, +3; and O, -2.
0 +3 -2

2 Al + Fe2O3

2 Fe + Al2O3

In-Class Problem:
Determine whether the following chemical reaction involves oxidation-reduction:

+3 -2

+3 -2

2 Al + Fe2O3

2 Fe + Al2O3

In the products, the oxidation numbers are: Fe, 0; Al, +3; and O, -2.

In-Class Problem:
Determine whether the following chemical reaction involves oxidation-reduction:

+3 -2

+3 -2

2 Al + Fe2O3

2 Fe + Al2O3

Oxidation numbers have changed, therefore this is an oxidation-reduction reaction. Now, identify the elements which have been oxidized and those which have been reduced.

In-Class Problem:
Determine whether the following chemical reaction involves oxidation-reduction:

+3 -2

+3 -2

2 Al + Fe2O3

2 Fe + Al2O3

An oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons. An element which is oxidized will have an increase in its oxidation number. A reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. An element which is reduced will have an decrease in its oxidation number.

In-Class Problem:
Determine whether the following chemical reaction involves oxidation-reduction:
The Al has lost electrons and has been oxidized.

+3 -2

+3 -2

2 Al + Fe2O3

2 Fe + Al2O3

The Fe has gained electrons and has been reduced.

In-Class Problem:
Determine whether the following chemical reactions involve oxidation-reduction:
0 0 +5 -1

2 Ta + 5 Br2

2 TaBr5

The tantalum has been oxidized and the bromine has been reduced.
+3 -2 0 0 +4 -2

2Al2O3 + 3 Si

4 Al + 3 SiO2

The silicon has been oxidized and the aluminum has been reduced.
Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons.

In-Class Problem:
Determine whether the following chemical reactions involve oxidation-reduction:
+1 -2 +2 +5 -2 +2 -2 +1 +5 -2

Na2S + Pb(NO3)2

PbS + 2 NaNO3

There have been no changes in oxidation numbers.

+1 -2

+1 -2 +1

Na + 2H2O

2NaOH + H2

The sodium has been oxidized and the hydrogen has been reduced.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HY7mTCMvpEM

Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons.

In-Class Problem:
Determine whether the following chemical reaction involves oxidation-reduction:
In the starting materials, the oxidation numbers are: Ba, +2; N, +5; O, -2; Na, +1; S, +6; and O, -2.
+2 +5 -2 +1 +6 -2

Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4

BaSO4 + 2 NaNO3

In-Class Problem:
Determine whether the following chemical reaction involves oxidation-reduction:

+2 +5 -2

+1 +6 -2

+2 +6 -2

+1 +5 -2

Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4

BaSO4 + 2 NaNO3

In the products, the oxidation numbers are: Ba, +2; S, +6; O, -2; Na, +1; N, +5; and O, -2.

In-Class Problem:
Determine whether the following chemical reaction involves oxidation-reduction:
Double displacement reactions do not involve oxidation and reductions.
+2 +5 -2 +1 +6 -2 +2 +6 -2 +1 +5 -2

Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4

BaSO4 + 2 NaNO3

Oxidation numbers have not changed, therefore this is not an oxidationreduction reaction.

In-Class Problem:
1. The elements Al and Cl2 react to form a compound. Which of the following statement is true regarding this reaction? a) The compound will most likely be ionic. b) The oxidation number of Al in the reactants is zero. c) The formula of the compound will most likely be AlCl3. d) Both a and c are correct. e) All of the above are correct.

In-Class Problem:
2. Which of the following compounds are likely to be insoluble (or very slightly soluble) in water?:
a) b) c) d) e) BaSO4 PbI2 CuNO3 Both a and b will be insoluble. All of the above compounds will be significantly soluble in water.

In-Class Problem:
3. Which of the following is true regarding a double displacement reaction? a) b) c) d) e) Precipitates are always formed. The elements or ions involved are switched. Oxidation-reduction is involved. Both a and c are correct. None of the above are correct.

In-Class Problem:
4. In the reaction shown below, the oxidation number of fluorine: Pb + 2 F2 PbF4 a) b) c) d) e) changes from 0 to -4. does not change. is -1 in the reactants. Both a and c are correct. None of the above are correct.
The oxidation number of fluorine is -1 in the products.

In-Class Problem:
5. If one mole of lead (II) nitrate is allowed to react with three moles of sodium chloride: a) three moles of lead (II) chloride will precipitate. b) one mole of sodium nitrate will precipitate. c) one mole of lead (II) chloride will precipitate. d) three moles of sodium nitrate will form . e) None of the above are correct.
One mole of lead (II) nitrate will yield one mole of lead (II) chloride. NaCl is in excess- 1 mole left over.