BY SUPRIYA.

Equalization
During transmission process signal that

contains information is distorted because of multipath propagation resulting in ISI To compensate for this distortion, we apply an equalizer to the communication channel.

Need For Adaptive Equalization

Changing Channel in Time Automatically adapts to the time varying

properties of the communication channel.

Adaptive equalization

When the frequency characteristics of the transmission path changes , the equalizer should immediately compensate for that change

Combination of channel + equalizer = flat frequency

response and linear phase.

Adaptive equalizer properties

The coefficients of Adaptive equalizers are

variable with time in order to optimize a given criterion. The most commonly used algorithm to adapt the coefficients is zero forcing algorithm and LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithm. Most adaptive filters are implemented as FIR filters, because they are inherently stable.

Adaptive Equalization
Operating modes of adaptive equalizer

1) Training mode

2) Tracking Mode

Training Mode
Initially, a known, fixed length training

sequence is sent by the transmitter so that the receivers equalizer may average to a proper setting. The training sequence is a pseudo random signal or a fixed, prescribed bit pattern. Immediately following the training sequence, the user data is sent.

Tracking mode
When the data of the users are received, the

adaptive algorithm of the equalizer tracks the changing channel. As a result of this, the adaptive equalizer continuously changes the filter coefficients over time.

Zero forcing algorithm

The name zero forcing corresponds to

bringing down the ISI to zero in a noise free case. It nulls out interference signal in time domain or inverts frequency response in frequency domain

 If channel response for a particular channel

is h,ZFA multiplies the reciprocal of h to the input signal which removes the effect of channel from the output signal

 A simple recursive algorithm for adjusting equalizer

coefficients is

value of jth coefficient at time t=kT Is the error signal at time t=kT scale factor that controls the rae of adjustment estimate of cross correlation between error signal and desired information signal

Utility of training sequence in Zero Forcing Algorithm

When channel response is unknown we

transmit a training sequence to the receiver. The training sequence is designed to permit an equalizer at the receiver to acquire the proper filter coefficients in the worst possible channel conditions.

Decision directed mode

Following the training sequence filter

coefficients will converge to their optimum values which implies that decision at the output of the equalizer is reliable. This is called Decision Directed Mode of operation

Conclusion
Adaptive equalizer: eliminates the effects of

multipath propagation i.e. ISI Zero forcing algorithm: removes all interference and is ideal when channel is noiseless Combination of channel + equalizer = flat frequency response and linear phase.