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Release 99 (1999)
Release 4 Release 5 (2001) (2002) (HSDPA , IMS)
Release 6
Release 7 Release 8
(2004) (HSUPA)
(2007) (HSPA+) (2009 ?) (LTE)
3GPP
3GPP 2
Created 1998
Specification of UMTS
Created 1998 - 99
Specification of cdma2000
What is HSDPA?
It is an evolution and improvement on W-CDMA,
It is a 3G protocol. HSDPA can achieve theoretical data transmission speeds of 8-10 Mbps (megabits per second). HSDPA increases base station capacity.
HSDPA improves on W-CDMA by using different techniques for modulation and coding.
Transport Channel
High Speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH)
This HS-PDCH is used for carrying Hybrid ARQ acknowledgement (HARQ ACK) and Channel quality indicators (CQI).
With HSDPA , two of the most fundamental features of WCDMA , variable Spreading Factor and fast power control are disabled and replaced by means of Adaptive modulation & coding (AMC).
WCDMA Frame
16 possible states.
High data rate is achieved.
HSDPA uses QPSK modulation and when radio conditions are good 16-QAM is used
Original 3G architecture. 2 nodes in the RAN. 2 nodes in the PS Core Network. Every Node introduces additional delay. Common path for User plane and Control plane data. Air interface based on WCDMA. RAN interfaces based on ATM. Option for Iu-PS interface to be based on IP.
I-HSPA introduces the first true flat architecture to WCDMA. Control Plane Standardized in 3GPP Release 7 as Direct Tunnel with collapsed RNC. Most part of the RNC functionalities are moved to the Node B. Direct Tunnels runs now from the GGSN to the Node B. Solution for cost-efficient broadband wireless access. Improves the delay performance (less node in RAN). It can be deployable with existing WCDMA base stations. Transmission savings
LTE HSPA takes the same Flat architecture from Internet HSPA. Air interface based on OFDMA. All-IP network. New spectrum allocation (i.e 2600 MHz band) Possibility to reuse spectrum i.e. 900 MHZ)
LTE targets
Significantly increased peak data rates Increased cell edge bitrates Improved spectrum efficiency Scaleable bandwidth Acceptable system and terminal complexity, cost and power consumption Compatibility with earlier releases and with other systems Optimised for low mobile speed but supporting high mobile speed
Mobility
The Enhanced UTRAN (E-UTRAN) will: be optimised for mobile speeds 0 to 15 km/h support, with high performance, speeds between 15 and 120 km/h maintain mobility at speeds between 120 and 350 km/h and even up to 500 km/h depending on frequency band support voice and real-time services over entire speed range with quality at least as good as UTRAN
Spectrum flexibility E-UTRA to operate in 1.25, 1.6, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz allocationshence allowing different possibilities for re-farming already in use spectrum uplink and downlink paired and unpaired Co-existence with GERAN/3G on adjacent channels with other operators on adjacent channels Handover with UTRAN and GERAN Handover with non 3GPP Technologies (CDMA 2000, WiFi, WiMAX)
Spectrum issues
OFDM in LTE
OFDM, although not a new technology in itself, is still relatively new in the context of mobile multiple access systems. The OFDM principle is at the core of the downlink OFDMA and uplink SCFDMA physical layers for LTE. Traditional digital radio technologies transmit a data stream modulated onto a single radio carrier.
However, to overcome the problems associated with transmitting high data rates over a single carrier including Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and narrowband interference OFDM utilises a large number of closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers that are transmitted in parallel.
OFDM in LTE
Each subcarrier can then be modulated with a conventional modulation scheme such as QPSK, 16QAM or even 64QAM. As each subcarrier carries a relatively low data rate in comparison to high data rates modulated onto a single carrier, it will suffer far less from ISI resulting in far fewer errors. Also, as subcarriers are orthogonal, a spectral efficiency gain approaching 50% over traditional single-carrier methods can be achieved.
OFDM in LTE
LTE OFDMA and SC-FDMA are designed to work in a variety of bandwidths ranging initially from 1.4 MHz with 72 subcarriers up to 20 MHz with 1200 subcarriers. This will allow LTE to be backward compatible with current spectrum and flexible enough to fit into any potential future spectrum allocation.
E-UTRAN
All layers of the air interface protocol stack, including Radio Resource Control (RRC), Radio Link Control (RLC) and Medium Access Control (MAC) have now been moved to the base station, and the eNB will anchor the main backhaul link to the EPC. The eNB supports a flexible association between access and core, permitting load sharing between core network nodes. With the removal of the RNC from the access network architecture, intereNB handovers will be negotiated and managed directly between eNBs using the X2 interface. Although not yet fully defined, it is assumed that the final protocol functions over the X2 interface will mimic those currently employed in the 3G UTRAN on the Iur interface of R99/4 networks.
E-UTRAN
The reduced complexity in the radio access network is mirrored by a similar simplification and flattening in the core network, with SAE architecture consisting of only five main nodes. A key difference from current networks is that the EPC is defined to support packet-switched traffic only. Interfaces are based on IP protocols. This means that all services will be delivered through packet connections, including voice.
It is a pure signaling entity inside the EPC. SAE uses tracking areas to track the position of idle UEs. The basic principle is identical to location or routing areas from 2G/3G. MME handles attaches and detaches to the SAE system, as well as tracking area updates Therefore it possesses an interface towards the HSS (home subscriber server) which stores the subscription relevant information and the currently assigned MME in its permanent data base. A second functionality of the MME is the signaling coordination to setup transport bearers (SAE bearers) through the EPC for a UE. MMEs can be interconnected via the S10 interface