GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY Absolute Pressure. A pressure measure in reference
to complete vacuum. It is distinguished from gauge pressure by suffixing an a to the indicated pressure, i.e. psia or in. Hga.

Absolute Temperature. Measured from zero degrees

absolute on all scales. (-273C or -459.6F)

Acceleration. Time rate change of velocity. Adiabatic Process. A change in pressure & volume of a
mass of a gas in which no heat is taken from or given up to the surrounding bodies. The gas experiences a change in temperature, the external work done during compression in the form of heat.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY Ambient. Refers to condition of atmosphere in immediate
vicinity, such a Ambient Pressure or Ambient Temperature.

Barometric Pressure. Atmospheric (absolute)

pressure, at sea level. The standard barometric pressure is 29.9 Hga (14.psia).

Boyles Law. The volume occupied by a gas is inversely

proportional to the pressure, provided the temperature remains constant. PV=Constant.

Brayton Cycle. A heat engine cycle in which heat is

supplied & rejected at constant pressure, with adiabatic compression & expansion processes joining the heat

addition & rejection.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY British Thermal Unit (B.T.U.). The amount of heat
required to raise one pound of pure water at 60F by one degree Fahrenheit.

Calorie. The amount of heat required to raise one gram of

pure water to 1C. (252 Calories = 1 B.T.U.)

Centigrade Temperature Scale. A temperature

measuring scale in which 0C equals the freezing point of water at sea level on a standard day. (29.92 Hga)

Centigrade Heat Unit (C.H.U.). The amount of heat

required to raise one pound of pure water at 15C by one degree centigrade.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

Charles Law. (a) The volume of gas is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature provided the pressure remains constant. (V/T= Constant). (b) The pressure of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature provided the volume remains constant. (P/T= Constant).

Choked Nozzle. A nozzle whose flow velocity has reached

speed of sound.

Compressible Flow. Flow in which appreciable change of

density accompany pressure changes of the flowing fluid.

Cycle. The sequence of events in a heat engine in which heat is

supplied to & rejected from the working fluid in supplying or absorbing mechanical energy, with the working fluid returning to the original starting condition.

Density . Mass per unit volume.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY Differential Pressure. The difference in pressure between two
point as indicate by Pd, expressed in inches of mercury, or psid.

Efficiency. In any energy conversion there will be some losses.

The magnitude of these losses will be indicated by the efficiency which will be the output divided by the input.

Efficiency, Mechanical. Brake work / Indicated work Efficiency, Thermal. Work output / Heat input Propulsive Efficiency. 2 X aircraft velocity / aircraft velocity +
propelling gas velocity

Energy. The capacity of doing work. Fahrenheit Temperature Scale. A temperature

measuring scale in which 32F equals the freezing point & 212 F the boiling point of pure water at sea level on a standard day (29.92 Hg).

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY Fire Point. The temperature at which
flammable substance has sufficiently rapid vapor formation to burn continuously if ignited by a small flame.

Flash Point. The temperature at which

flammable substance has sufficient vapor formation to flash or explode if ignited by a small flame.
differential pressure, from a higher to a lower pressure area.

Flow. The movement of a fluid (gas or liquid), as a result of Force. That which changes or attempts to change the state of
rest or uniform motion of a body. The common unit of force is pounds.

Freeze Point. The temperature at which a substance freezes.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY Gauge Pressure. A pressure measured in reference to the
surrounding ambient pressure, ambient pressure being 0 psig. It is distinguished from absolute pressure by suffixing a g to the indicated pressure, i.e. psig.

Gross Thrust. The thrust developed by the engine, ignoring

any initial air mass momentum, regardless of flight condition.

Heat. Energy possessed by matter resulting from the motion of

the matters molecules.

Heat Engine. A device for converting heat energy into

mechanical energy by a change in the internal energy of a working fluid.

Heat of Compression. The amount of heat added to a

gas by the act of compression alone; hence an adiabatic change.

Hot Start. Exceeding the start temperature limit during starting.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY Hung Start. Failure to reach idling R.P.M. during starting. Hypersonic. Normally used when referring to velocity in excess of
Mach 4.0 and above.

Inertia. The property of matter to resist any changes in its state of

rest or uniform motion.

Isothermal Process. A process in which the temperature

remains constant & which is reversible.

Joules Equivalent. Following the first law of Thermodynamics,

which is a form of Law of Conservation of Energy, Joules equivalent (J) gives the relationship between Mechanical & heat energy: 1 B.T.U. = 778 ft. lbs.
OR

1 C.H.U. = 1400 ft. lbs.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY Mach No (M). M = The speed of an object or flow
The speed of sound in air

Mass. The amount of matter contained in a substance. Mass Flow. The weight of a substance, such as air, flowing
past a given point in a given period of time, e.g. 10 lbs. of air per minute.

Methods of Heat Transfer. The two methods of heat

transfer from one substance to another are Conduction & Radiation. Convection, commonly considered to be a method of heat transfer, is actually a method of heat movement within the substance.

Molecules. The smallest particle of a substance which can

exist & still retain all of the characteristics of that substance.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

Net Thrust. The effective thrust developed by the engine during

the flight, taking into consideration the initial momentum of the air mass prior to entering the engine.

Newtons Laws of Motion.

First Law: A body at rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line will continue in that state unless acted upon by an external force. Second Law: The rate of change of momentum or the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force applied. Third Law: To every applied force there will be an equal & opposite reaction.

Normal Temperature & Pressure.

14.7 psia, 60F or 15C

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

Over Speed. R.P.M. in excess of the maximum engine

R.P.M. (This figure will be found in the applicable maintenance manual).

Over Temperature. Temperature in excess of the

maximum allowable turbine operating temperature. (May be E.G.T., J.P.T., or T.I.T.- the maintenance manual will give the figure).

Poundal. When making calculations involving Newtons Law,

careful consideration must be given to the units used. If the mass is given in pounds then the force would be in Poundal. One Poundal = 1/g pounds weight

Pour Point. The lowest temperature at which an oil will pour

or flow when chilled without disturbance.

Power. The time rate of doing work- work unit of time.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

Pressure. Force per unit area, e.g. total force divided by

effective area = pressure.

Pressure Drop. The difference in pressure between two

points that results from resistance to flow between these points.

Pressure Altitude. A pressure expressed in feet, equal

to barometric pressure (absolute) at the stated altitude.

Pressure Dynamic. Pressure only due to velocity of

fluid flow (velocity or kinetic pressure )

Pressure Static. The pressure acting normal to the

direction of air flow; the pressure which would be exerted normal to the walls of the container.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

Pressure Total. Total pressure represents the energy of a

flowing fluid & is equal to the static + dynamic head (pressure) e.g. PITOT tube.

Ram. The amount of pressure build up above ambient in the

engines compressor inlet, due to forward motion of the engine through the air.

Ram Recovery.
take advantage of ram.

The ability of an engines air inlet duct to

Ram Temperature. The temperature of the ambient air

plus the ram temperature rise.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

Shock Wave. A discontinuity in the air flow in which the air

flow may make abrupt changes of direction & in which a sudden static pressure & temperature rise will occur at the expense of the velocity (dynamic) pressure.

Sonic Speed. Speed of sound at ambient or local

conditions.

Specific Gravity. The ratio of the weight of a given

volume of the material at 60F to the weight of an equal volume of water at the same temperature.

Static Thrust. Thrust developed by an engine, without any

initial air mass momentum present due to engines static condition.

Subsonic Speed. Speed less than that of sound. Supersonic Speed. Speed in excess of sound.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

Temperature. The temperature of a body is a measure of

how hot or cold the body is, i.e. the heat intensity or heat concentration in the matter.

Temperature Drop. The decrease in temperature for

any reason.

Thermodynamic Laws .
1st Law : Heat & mechanical energy are mutually convertible, the rate of conversion given by Joules equivalent (J), which is 788 ft. lbs. of mechanical work is required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. 2nd Law : Heat can not be conveyed from one body to another which is at higher temperature without the expenditure of energy from an external source.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

Thrust. A reactive force measured in lbs. Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption. The
weight of fuel in lbs. that the engine must burn per hour to generate one pound of thrust for one hour.

Turbine. A device for converting some of the energy available

in the flowing fluid to mechanical energy (shaft torque).

Turbine Free Vortex. A turbine having an impulse root

section changing to a reaction tip section in which the blades are twisted to provide free vortex flow path.

Turbine, Impulse . A turbine in which the pressure drop

for the stage occurs across the stator.

Turbine, Reaction . A turbine in which the pressure

drop for the stage occurs across the rotor.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

Vapour Pressure . The pressure exerted by the vapour

of a substance in an enclosed vessel at a given temperature.

Vector . A line which, by scaled length, indicates magnitude &

whose arrow head represents direction of action.

Velocity . Time rate change of position. Velocity, Whirl . The velocity component in the plane of
rotation.

Volatility . A measure of the tendency of a substance to

change from the liquid or solid state to gaseous state.

Vortex, Free . Fluid flow in which, with constant axial

velocity, the whirl component of velocity multiplied by the radius at which is measured is constant.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS GAS TURBINE ENGINE THEORY

Wet Start . During engine starting, lack of ignition

will result in a Wet Start.

Work . A force acting through a distance. W = F X D .

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