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4.b Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules 5.c Sequence the level of organization in multicellular organisms to relate the parts to each other and to the whole 9.a Compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules 10.a Interpret the functions of systems in organisms 10.b Compare the interrelationships of organ systems to each other and to the body as a whole 11.a Identify and describe the relationships between internal feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of homeostasis 11.b Investigate and identify how organisms respond to external stimuli
Previous Lesson
Question: Would a person that is somewhat lethargic and overweight be suffering hyperthyroidism (high thyroid production) or hypothyroidism (low thyroid production)? Why?
Thyroid
Question: If a person is in an area where a nuclear reactor has released radioactive iodine, why would authorities recommend they take iodine pills?
From Harvard Health Letter
Taking iodine in pills would Uptake of radioactive iodine by thyroid block uptake of radioactive iodine by thyroid, thereby Radioactive iodine causes preventing cancer mutations of DNA in thyroid cells
Thyroid cancer
Question: Why does a person with Type II diabetes have high blood sugar, and why is this so dangerous to a persons health?
Type II Diabetes
Cells of body become resistant to the effects of insulin Sugar cannot enter cells Concentrations of sugar in blood become too high
Digestive System
nutrients, water, salts
Respiratory System
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Circulatory System
Urinary System
water solutes elimination of food residues rapid transport to and from all living cells elimination of excess water salts, wastes
Overview of Lesson
Formation of urine Urinary system Water balance and alcohol Problems of the urinary tract
When protein is broken down in the body, it results in nitrogenous waste that must be eliminated from the body
Protein
All 20 amino acids have a nitrogen group (NH2). When broken down for energy, the nitrogen group is converted to ammonia (NH3).
Circulatory System
Ammonia is converted into urea by the liver. Urea is then transported in the blood to the kidneys where the urea is removed from the blood.
Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life
Urea is less toxic than ammonia and can be transported in the blood to the kidney
O
H2N - C - NH2
urea
Formation of Urine
Amino acids in protein are broken down, resulting in production of ammonia Ammonia is converted to urea in liver Urea travels in blood to kidneys, where removed from blood and incorporated into urine
Overview of Lesson
Amino acids, ammonia and urea Urinary system Water balance and alcohol Problems of the urinary tract
Urinary System
Nephron
Urine moves from the collecting ducts through the kidney pelvis to the ureter
Urine moves from the kidneys, through the ureters to the bladder and finally through the urethra
Overview of Lesson
Amino acids, ammonia and urea Urinary system Water balance and alcohol Problems of the urinary tract
Nephron
Alcohol consumption suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary. Why would this result in dehydration and a hangover?
Overview of Lesson
Amino acids, ammonia and urea Urinary system Water balance and alcohol Problems of the urinary tract
Causes of Incontinence
Stress incontinence: leaking small amounts of urine when coughing, lifting, or exercising Urge incontinence: the bladder suddenly and unexpectedly contracts and expels urine Overflow incontinence: bladder cannot completely empty so urine dribbles
Kidney stones form in the kidney pelvis. There are 4 types of stones.
Calcium stones (most common) Uric acid stones Bacteria caused stones Cystein stones
Kidney stones cause pain when they pass down the ureters to the bladder and urethra
Bacteria first infect the urethra, then move to the bladder and finally to the kidneys
UTI tend to occur more in women than men
Women may have more UTIs than men because: 1) they have a shorter urethra, allowing quicker access to the bladder 2) the urethral opening is nearer the anus 3) intercourse may result in UTIs in women
Symptoms of UTIs
Urge to urinate but only small amount of urine produced Pain and burning sensation in bladder Fever Blood in urine
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Exam II
(Lessons and Labs)