STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES

DEFINITION: It is an assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations. TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESES NULL HYPOTHESIS refers to any hypothesis we wish to test and is denoted by Ho. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS refers to the hypothesis that the researcher wants to prove and is denoted by Ha. The rejection of Ho leads to the acceptance of Ha. A null hypothesis concerning a population parameter will always be stated so as to specify an exact value of the parameter, whereas the alternative hypothesis allows for the possibility of several values.

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES
TWO TYPES OF ERROR Type I Error Rejection of the null hypothesis when in fact it is true. Type II Error Acceptance of the null hypothesis when in fact it is false.

In testing any statistical hypothesis, there are four possible situations that determine whether our decision is correct or in error. These four situations are as follows:
Ho is true Accept Ho Reject Ho Correct Decision Type I Error Ho is false Type II Error Correct Decision

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES
The probability of committing a type I error, is called a level of significance,and denoted by the Greek letter . ONE AND TWO-TAILED TEST A test is a one-tailed or two-tailed based on how the alternative hypothesis have been stated. The null hypothesis will always be stated using the equality sign so as to specify a single value. In this way the probability of committing a type I error can be controlled.Critical region can only be determine only after alternative hypothesis have been stated. Z-TEST AND T-TEST It is a z-test if the sample size,n is greater that or equal to 30. And it is a t-test if the sample size,n is less than 30. It is a z-test if population standard deviation, is known. And ttest if sample standard deviation, s is known.

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES
THE USE OF P VALUES FOR DECISION MAKING

A p-value is the lowest level (of significance) at which the observed value of the test statistic is significant.
PROCEDURES FOR HYPOTHESIS TESTING 1. State the null and alternative hypothesis. 2. Choose the level of significance, . 3. Determine the test to be used, t or z test, one or two-tailed test. 4. Determine the critical region. 5. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data. 6. Make decision whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis. NOTE: REJECT the null hypothesis if the test statistic has a value in the critical region ( or if the computed p-value is less than or equal to the desired level of significance level, ); otherwise, ACCEPT Ho.

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES
A. z test
1.

B. t-test
1.

(x )

/ n
( x1 x2 )

(x ) s/ n
( x1 x2 )

2.

12
n1

2 2

2. t

n2
3. t

(n1 1)(s1 ) 2 (n2 1)(s2 ) 2 1 1 n1 n2 2 n1 n2

3. z

x1 x2 1 1 n1 n2

d sd / n

4.

z
z

x np npq
p1 p2 p1q1 pq 2 2 n1 n2

5.

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES
I.
Example: It is claimed that the average weight of a bag of biscuit is 250 grams with a standard deviation of 20.5 grams. Would you agree to this claim if the random sample of 50 bags of biscuits showed an average weight of 240 grams, using a 0.05 level of significance?

One sample mean test (large sample size)

II. Two sample mean test (large sample size)

Example: Fifty senior students in Statistics got an average of 85 with a standard deviation of 10.2, while a group of 60 senior students have an average of 80 with a standard deviation of 8.9. Can the difference in the mean grade be attributed to chance, using a 0.05 level of significance?

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES
III. One sample mean test (small sample size)
Example: An expert typist can type 65 words per minute. A random

sample of 16 applicants took the typing test and an average speed of 62 words per minute with a standard deviation of 8 words per minute was obtained.Can we say that the applicants performance is below the standard at 0.05 level of significance?

IV. Two sample mean test (small sample size)

Example: A course in Statistics is taught to 12 students by the

conventional classroom procedure. A second group of 10 students was given the same course by means of programmed materials. At the end of the term, the same examination was given to each group. The 12 students meeting in the classroom made an average of 85 with a standard deviation of 4, while the 10 students using programmed materials made an average of 81 with a standard deviation of 5. Test the hypothesis that the two methods of learning are equal using 0.10 level of significance.Assume the populations to be approximately normal with equal variances.

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES
V. Test for proportion
Example: It has been claimed that more than 70% of students attending a large university are opposed to a plan to increase student fees in order to build new parking facilities. If 15 of 18 students at random at that university are opposed to the plan, test the claim at 0.05 level of significance.

VI. Test between two proportions

Example:To test the difference of a new pain-relieving drug, 80 patients at a clinic were given a pill containing the drug and 80 others were given a placebo containing only powdered sugar. If 56 of the patients in the first group and 38 of those in the second group felt a beneficial effect. What can we conclude at 0.01 level of significance about the effectiveness of the new drug?

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES
VII. Paired observation
Example: The following are the average weekly losses of man-hour due to accidents in 10 industrial plants before and after a certain safety program was put into operation: 45 and 36 73 and 60 46 and 44 124 and 119 33 and 35 57 and 51 83 and 77 34 and 29 26 and 24 17 and 11 Use 0.05 level of significance to test whether the safety program is effective.