MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT-II

Damping System

Methods of Damping system: 1. Air Friction Damping

2.
3.

Fluid Friction Damping

Eddy Current Damping

Air Friction Damping

1. When the piston enter the chamber, the air will be compressed ; the compressed air opposes the movement of the piston. 2. When the piston comes out of the chamber, the pressure inside the chamber fall, below the external value. The difference in the pressure will act on the piston.

Fluid Friction Damping

Damping force is provided by surface tension between the vane and the oil, acts opposite to the direction of motion of the vane.

Eddy Current Damping

When a magnetic field moves through a conductor an eddy current is induced in the conductor. The flow of electrons in the conductor creates an opposing magnetic field to the magnet which results in damping of the magnet.

Main Types Of Instruments Used As Ammeter And Voltmeters

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. PMMC (dc) Moving iron Electro dynamometer Hot wire Thermocouple Induction (ac) Electrostatic Rectifier

PMMC
PRINCIPLE: when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force acts on the conductor. The current carrying coil, placed in magnetic field is attached to the moving system. With the movement of the coil, the pointer moves over the scale to indicate the electrical quantity being measured.

PMMC

WORKING
Other than electrostatic type of instrument all the type of ammeter and voltmeter works on the same operating principle. In an ammeter the deflecting toque is produced by the current to be measured where in a voltmeter, it is produced by the current which is proportional to the voltage to be measured, hence all the ammeter and voltmeter are current measuring device. This type of instruments can be used to measure direct current only. This is because, since the direction of the field of permanent magnet is same, the deflecting torque also gets reversed, when the current in the coil reverses. Consequently, the pointer will try to deflect below zero. Deflection in the reverse direction can be prevented by a stop spring.

Deflecting Torque Equation

When the current is passed through the coil, forces act on its both sides which produce the deflecting torque.
Let, B= flux density, Wb/m2 l = length or depth of coil, m b = breadth of the coil. N= no. of turns of the coil. If a current of I Amperes flows in the coil, then the force acting on each coil side is given by, Force on each coil side, F = BIlN Newton's. Deflecting torque, Td = Force perpendicular distance Td = (BIlN) b Td = BINA Newton metre. (Where, A = l b, the area of the coil in m2) Thus, Td I The instrument is spring controlled so that, Tc The pointer will comes to rest at a position, where Td =Tc Therefore, I

Advantages
a) Uniform scale.ie, evenly divided scale. b) Very effective eddy current damping. c) High efficiency. d) Require little power for their operation. e) No hysteresis loss (as the magnetic field is constant). f) External stray fields have little effects on the readings (as the operating magnetic field is very strong). g) Very accurate and reliable.

Disadvantages
a) Cannot be used for AC measurements.

b) More expensive (about 50%) than the moving iron instruments because of their accurate design. c) Some errors are caused due to variations (with time or temperature) either in the strength of permanent magnet or in the control spring.

Applications
a) In the measurement of direct currents and voltages.

b)In DC galvanometers to detect small currents.

c)In Ballistic galvanometers used for measuring changes of magnetic flux linkages.

DC Ammeter and Voltmeter

These devices measure the voltage and current respectively in a circuit. The basic component of both is the moving coil galvanometer which produces a deflection proportional to the electric current through it.

 An ammeter is an instrument for measuring the electric current in amperes in a branch of an electric circuit. It must be placed in series with the measured branch, and must have very low resistance to avoid significant alteration of the current it is to measure. By contrast, an voltmeter must be connected in parallel.

The analogy with an in-line flow meter in a water circuit can help visualize why an ammeter must have a low resistance, and why connecting an ammeter in parallel can damage the meter. Modern solid-state meters have digital readouts, but the principles of operation can be better appreciated by examining the older moving coil meters based on galvanometer sensors.

Ammeter & Voltmeter

Assignment
1.Ammeter and voltmeter design
2.Torque equation for pmmc

Moving Iron Instruments

?
1. Generally we denote power in 'p', voltage in 'v but why can't we denote current in 'c' instead of I. 2. If you plug something 110 volts into a 120 volt outlet, you will have 10 volts leakage. T or F 3. Do you know how an electrician tells if he's working with AC or DC power? 4. ohms law V=IR in constant temp voltage is directly proportional to current Power p=VI cos @ in that formula Voltage is indirectly proportional to current

Answer
If it's AC, his teeth chatter when he grabs the conductors. If it's DC, they just clamp together.