THE

RESULT OF THE STUDY MAYBE PRESENTED IN FORMAL FORM. THE 3 FORMS OF FORMAL RESEARCH REPORT W/C THE WRITER CAN FOLLOW DEPENDING ON THE FORM ACCEPTED BY THE SCHOOL.

For books: 1Henry R. Gibson. Elementary Statistics. (Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publisher). 1994:34. 2Marie Strenger Berger. Et Al., for Nurses A Multidisciplinary Approach, ( St. Louis, Missouri: C.V. Mosby Co.). 1980:57. For articles: 1Robert N. Padua, Normal Distribution, Statistics: Theory and Applications. (Marikina: Hermit Printing press). 1998:37

Martinez (2006) says that the research is the result of highly intellectual activity.

The source is found at the end of the chapter and identified by the number. (1) Esdras Martinez, and Calingasan, Lerma, Research Process Report ( Antipolo, Rizal: Enablers Creative Services, 2006:34)

 In

this style the author is mentioned within the text of the thesis or research and numbered like below. The most difficult among the three is the turaybian style.

Research is mark of an intellectual activity Martinez (2006). The source will found in the bibliography at the back of the book. The source will be documented in this manner. Martinez, Esdras. Research Process report. (Antipolo, Rizal: Enablers Creative Services, 2006:34).

Journal style is the easiest among the three and most schools in metro manila often use this style. Footnoting in research report maybe found in any part of the page, provided it will be discussed. UST is using this style footnote and MCU.

Rules in using the following ibidis used when the same source is derived. It is used to refer to the published work reference preceding it, whether it is the same or not. 1 Henry Lim Lopez, The effect of Time Delay of Iced Arterial Blood Gas Sample to pH, P2CO2, and PO2 Values, Unpublished Master Thesis. Manila Central University: Caloocan City. 2000:123. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. p. 44.

The first one refers to the original manuscript. The second case means it is exactly referring to the same source in number 1. the third case means it is also referring to the same source as in number 1 or 2, but of different page.

Op. cit and op. cit. (op citato)is used when there is an intervening author. In using op. cit. there is a page cited. Example

1 D. H. Eubanks and R. C. Bone. Comprehensive Respiratory Care. C. V. Mosby Co. 1990. 2 M. T. Brayant. Gases Stored in Disposable Syringe. Anaesthesia. NEW York: Irwin Publishers.1999:34. 3 Eurbanks, op. cit. Number 1 is the first book mentioned. Number 2 is another book mentioned in the footnoting and number 3 refers to number 1, but there is an intervening author which is number 2. So op .cit. is used.

loc. Cit.this is used when there is an intervening author. No page number is cited using loc. cit.
Example

1 Robert N. Padua, Statistics: Theory and Applications, (Marikina: Hermit Printing Press, 2008), pp. 40 2 Consuelo G. Sevilla Methods of Research, Manila: Rex Book Store, 2000), pp. 72 3 Padua, op. cit. 4 Sevilla, loc. cit.


1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.
7.

Language has two aspects 1) grammar; and 2) style In writing a research report language should be: Objective, data-based Scientific and free of bias, prejudices, and superstitous beliefs Simple, concise, and straightforward. Consistent in the use of the term Devoid of irrelevant statements Properly documented Coherently cogent

There are other rules in writing research: The research report should be in third person. The word I, we, us, me, our and others should be avoided It should not use abbreviations unless otherwise defined or symbols such as % should be written in words. However, if such symbols is used, it should be consistently throughout the research report. There must be continuity of thoughts from chapter to chapter and likewise from section to section.

The language and style should reflect correct rules of grammar and spelling One should use the past tense in the description of methodology since such has already been done, likewise for the review of literature, there are however statements where the present tense is used; particularly in general statements and statements of facts Sentence that begins with number should be written in words. In the middle of sentence, numbers lesser than ten(10) should be written in words, but 10 and above should be written in numeral form.