CAPACITY DESIGN

P.SUDHA 1061014 II M.E. CMAASE

Need For The Study

Seismic loads and explosion loads belong to the family of exceptional actions which demand the best structural performance of the global structure and of its details. Deliberate conceptual design considering the structural response including dynamic effects should be performed.

Need For The Study

It is possible to achieve a sufficient resistance and robustness of building subjected to exceptional actions like seismic loads, explosion by applying the fundamental rules of performance based conceptual design and by observing capacity design rules for the details.
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Need For The Study

When a structure is subjected to seismic forces, the key issue is the control of the nonlinear response allowing for the dissipation of energy by plastic deformations and the prevention of sudden failure of vital members or details.
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Design Criteria for Three Performance Levels

In the conventional practice for non seismic loads, structures are designed only for two demands

Strength Rigidity

Contrary to this, in case of earthquake resistant design, a new demand is added to the above mentioned ones the ductility demand
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Strength: The strength checking is generally related to the ultimate limit state, assuring that the force level developed in structures remain elastic or some limited plastic deformation can occur in agreement with the design assumption Rigidity: The rigidity checking generally requires that the structural displacements to be within certain limits to assures that no damage occurs in non structural elements.
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Ductility:

The ductility check is related to whether the structure is able to dissipate the given quantity of seismic energy or not. The survivability of a structure under strong seismic actions relies on the capacity to deform beyond the elastic range and to dissipate energy through plastic deformations Capacity design conception requires the verification of the three demands namely Rigidity, Strength and Ductility
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Structure Limit States

Serviceability Limit State Damage Control Limit State Survival Limit State The rigidity is checked for serviceability limit state, strength for the damageability limit state and ductility for the survivability limit state
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Structural Demand

Rigidity

Strength

Ductility

Serviceability

Damageability Survivability

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Properties of the Structure Which Aid In Resisting Earthquake Loads

1. Ductility

Ductility is the property, which allows the structure to undergo large plastic deformations without significant loss of strength . Ductility is defined as the ratio of the ultimate deformation du at an assumed collapse point, to the yield deformation dy.

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BRITTLE BEHAVIOUR Vs DUCTILE BEHAVIOUR

When two bars - one made of a ductile material and another of a brittle material, of same length and cross sectional area are pulled, it can be observed that The ductile bar elongates by a large amount before it breaks. The brittle bar breaks suddenly on reaching its maximum strength at a relatively small elongation.
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Ductility can be increased by

Increasing the grade of concrete Decreasing the grade of steel etc. Choosing weak beam-strong column design Preventing shear failure by capacity design calculations Providing good development length to bars Confining regions likely to have hinges with closely spaced and closed stirrups Confinement of column sections by transverse 15 and longitudinal steel.

How To Make Buildings Ductile For Good Seismic Performance

Let a chain with links made of brittle and ductile materials be held at the last link on either end of the chain and a force F be applied.

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How To Make Buildings Ductile For Good Seismic Performance contd

Since the same force F is being transferred through all the links, the force in each link is the same, i.e., F. As more and more force is applied, eventually the chain will break when the weakest link in it breaks. If the ductile link is the weak one, then the chain will show large final elongation. Instead, if the brittle link is the weak one, then the chain will fail suddenly and show small final elongation. Therefore, if we want to have such a ductile chain, we have to make the ductile link to be the weakest link. 17

Properties of the Structure Which Aid In Resisting Earthquake Loads

2. Hysteretic energy dissipation capacity: Hysteretic energy is the energy dissipated by inelastic cyclic deformations and is given by the area within the load-deformation curve also called the hysteretic curve The degradation of strength and stiffness under repeated inelastic cycling is called low cycle fatigue.
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Properties of the Structure Which Aid In Resisting Earthquake Loads

Ensuring that the structure is able to dissipate a large amount of hysteretic energy in each cycle can minimize low-cycle fatigue effect. The area enclosed by the force-deformation loops gives the hysteretic energy. Larger area implies more dissipation of hysteretic energy

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Earthquake Resistant Properties

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Relevance to Capacity Design

The type of collapse mechanism developed largely dictates the overall ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the frame. The technique of ensuring a preferred collapse mechanism by suitably adjusting the capacities of the members is called Capacity Design. In capacity design, the type of collapse mechanism required is pre-decided and attempts are made to make sure that no other mechanism develops.
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Methods of Seismic Design

Lateral strength based design Displacement based design Capacity based design Energy based design

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Lateral Strength Based Design

It is the most common seismic design approach used today. It is based on providing the structure with the minimum lateral strength to resist seismic loads, assuming that the structure will behave adequately in the non linear range. For this reason only some simple constructional detail rules are to be satisfied as material ductility, cross sectional clauses
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Displacement based Design

Recognizing that damage in structures subjected to earthquakes is the result of excessive deformations, this method operates directly with deformation quantities and therefore gives better insight of expected performance of structures, rather than simply providing strength as in the previous approach.

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Energy Based Design

Energy concepts in seismic design have been recently emphasized as a mean towards better appraisal of earthquake demands on structures. The basic equation of interest is the energy balance between total input energy and the energies dissipated by viscous damping and inelastic deformations.

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Capacity Based Design

It is a design approach in which the structures are designed in such a way that the hinges can only form in predetermined positions and sequences. The reason to name it capacity design is that, in the yielding condition, the strength developed in the weaker member is related to the capacity of the stronger member.
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Capacity Design

contd

The method seeks protection of resisting structures against collapse by providing adequate ductility capacity to critical plastic hinge locations. It is thus based on establishing a strength hierarchy in a structure to ensure that the damage is controllable, and occurs only where the designer intends.
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Definition for Capacity Design

Capacity design is a design approach based on deterministic allocation of strength and ductility in the structural elements for successful response and collapse prevention during a catastrophic earthquake by rationally choosing the successive regions of energy dissipation so that predefined energy dissipation mechanism would hold throughout the seismic action.
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Objectives of capacity design

The structure should not undergo any damage on Minor shaking The structure should undergo only nonstructural damage during moderate shaking The structure should not collapse under severe shaking.
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Location of Plastic Hinges

The control of the nonlinear structural response requires a clear identification and definition of structural parts intended to develop plastic mechanisms and of members and details which must provide sufficient resistance in order to allow for the formation of the intended mechanisms. The strength hierarchy in a typical multi storey RC building is such that the failure sequence moves as before the slab fails, the beam must fail- beam column- foundation and then soil. 30

Location of Plastic Hinges

Buildings: For the building frames it is generally required that the plastic hinges be located at the ends of beams and that columns be protected against inelastic response. This is primarily to ensure against formation of soft storey sway mechanisms in multistorey frames
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Location of Plastic Hinges

Bridges: In bridges it is neither practical nor desirable to provide for plastic hinge formation in the superstructure, and hence column hinges are typically chosen as the site for inelastic deformation. Plastic hinges are preselected to be at the top and bottom of the columns Inelastic actions developing outside these hinges is prohibited by using strength hierarchy 33 in the design.

Capacity Design Principles

(1)

(2)

(3)

To achieve a strong-column/ weak-beam design that spreads inelastic response over several stories To provide details that enable ductile flexural response in yielding regions. To inhibit non ductile deformation modes
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Strong Column Weak Beam Design

It is better to make beams to be the ductile weak links than columns. This method of designing RC buildings is called the strongcolumn weak-beam design method When a building sways during an earthquake, the distribution of damage over height depends on the distribution of lateral drift.

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Strong Column Weak Beam Design

If the building has weak columns, drift tends to concentrate in one or a few stories and may exceed the drift capacity of the columns. On the other hand, if columns provide a stiff and strong spine over the building height, drift will be more uniformly distributed and localized damage will be reduced.

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Strong Column Weak Beam Design

It is important to recognize that the columns in a given story support the weight of the entire building above those columns, whereas the beams only support the gravity loads of the floor of which they form a part; therefore, failure of a column is of greater consequence than failure of a beam.

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Strong Column Weak Beam Design

Recognizing this behavior, building codes specify that columns be stronger than the beams that frame into them. This strong-column/weakbeam principle is fundamental to achieving safe behavior of frames during strong earthquake ground shaking. Adopting the strong-column/weak-beam principle requires that the sum of column strengths exceed the sum of beam strengths at each beam-column connection
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Special Moment Resistant Frames

Special proportioning and detailing requirements result in a frame capable of resisting strong earthquake shaking without significant loss of stiffness or strength. These moment-resisting frames are called Special Moment Frames because of these additional requirements, which improve the seismic resistance in comparison with less stringently detailed Intermediate and Ordinary Moment Frames.
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Reinforced concrete special moment frame under construction

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The Use of Special Moment Resistant Frames

Special moment frames may be used: In all framing lines of a building. In fewer framing lines of the building, with the remainder comprising gravity-only framing that is not designated as part of the seismic force resisting system. Dual systems that combine special moment frames with shear walls or braced frames
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The Use of Special Moment Resistant Frames contd

In current usage, the moment frame is required to be capable of resisting at least 25 % of the design seismic forces, while the total seismic resistance is provided by the combination of the moment frame and the shear walls or braced frames in proportion with their relative stiffness.
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When To Use Special Moment Frames

Moment frames are generally selected as the seismic force resisting system when architectural space planning flexibility is desired. When concrete moment frames are selected for buildings of high seismicity, they are required to be detailed as special reinforced concrete moment frames. Proportioning and detailing requirements for a special moment frame will enable the frame to safely undergo extensive inelastic deformations that are anticipated in these seismic design categories.
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Beamcolumn joint with beam corner bars swept to inside of column corner bars
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Beam-column joint having multiple layers of beam reinforcement

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Column cage - lap splices are not permitted to extend outside the middle half of the column length and should not extend into the length lo at the column end.
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Inhibition of Non Ductile Modes

To ensure that ductile inelastic flexural response is achieved, it is essential that non ductile deformation modes be inhibited. If the shear strength of a member is developed at less than the flexural strength, very brittle response can result. Bond failure of reinforcing bar lap splices in critical regions can also cause rapid strength degradation.
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Inhibition of Non Ductile Modes

If regions of structure that have not been designed for flexural ductility unexpectedly becomes plastic hinge locations, the structural ductility capacity will be limited by the reduced integrity of the actual plastic hinges compared with the intended plastic hinges.

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Inhibition of Non Ductile Modes

It is thus necessary to ensure adequate margin of strength between the non ductile failure modes and the designated ductile mode of deformation. This is the basis of capacity design It is also necessary to ensure that foundation or substructures do not fail earlier than the superstructure. So it is important to assess the actual loading from the superstructure, taking into account all the possible over strengths present in the superstructure
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Step By Step Procedure for Capacity Design of a Building Frame

Seismic analysis of frame Determination of flexural capacity of beams Establishing strong column weak beam mechanism Determination of moment magnification factors for columns Capacity design for shear in beams and columns Detailing of reinforcements
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Capacity Design of Steel Members

Steel as a material is produced with high quality control, which aids in Capacity Design. The sequence of formation of plastic hinges is important in capacity design and so it is necessary to be able to predict the actual yield stress accurately.
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Capacity Design of Steel Members

If the actual strength of members is larger than their design strength, plastic hinges may develop in other members first. In order to avoid such a situation, some codes introduce a factor, which is the ratio of the expected yield strength to the specified minimum yield strength for various grades of steel. This factor is also used to ensure that members or connections that must withstand the development of plastic hinges in other members have 55 sufficient strength.

Desired and Undesired Collapse Mechanisms in Capacity Design

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Capacity Design of Steel Members

Connections are the most vulnerable in steel structures. Bolted connections using black bolts tend to slip, which reduces their energy dissipation capacity under cyclic loading and so are to be avoided. HSFG bolts perform better. Brittle welding failures are common due to lowcycle fatigue and so special care needs to be taken to reduce stress concentrations at welds.
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Capacity Design of Steel Members

Simple connections are not expected to carry any moments and so only rigid and semi rigid connections will be used. Rigid connections are usually strengthened to an extent that their rotations /deformations are negligible compared to that of the members being connected. This is because in conformity with the capacity design philosophy, it is advantageous to ensure the development of plastic hinges in beams away from the beam 58 column connection.

Advantages and Applications

The behavior of a building during a strong earthquake is characterized by vibratory character and plastic hinging occurring randomly. However, by applying the capacity design concept in the design of the flexural members of the structure, it is believed that the structure will possess adequate seismic resistance, as has been proven in many strong earthquakes in the past.
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Advantages and Applications

The structures designed based on capacity design will have good energy dissipation capacity Members and joints in the structure have adequate ductility to ensure that the structure as a whole will undergo a preferred collapse mechanism. Many seismic design codes around the world therefore adopt the capacity design concept as a normal requirement. IS 13920 is based on this concept
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Advantages and Applications

A feature in the capacity design concept is that the ductility level of the structure as expressed by ductility factor, may be selected by the owner or the designer of the building according to the need, ranging from the value for full elastic up to that for the full ductile structure. This can be considered as one of the performance based seismic design, where the targeted performance of the structure is quantified through the selected ductility factor61

Summary

The Capacity design is a concept of designing flexural capacities of structural member sections ensuring that the structure does not fail during a strong earthquake The concept of capacity design, aims at maximizing the energy dissipation capacity of moment resisting frames by choosing an appropriate collapse mechanism
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The capacity design approach to seismic design requires the structural engineer to: Select a desirable mechanism of non-linear lateral deformation for the structure. The mechanism should not lead to concentrated nonlinear deformation such as those in the storey mechanism Ensure that the detailing of the elements provide adequate ductility capacity, allowing the elements to deform well beyond yield without significant strength degradation Design all other elements for elastic or nearly elastic response
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References

Ductility of seismic resistant steel structures, by Victor Gionku, Federico M. Mazzolani Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges, by M.J.N.Priestley, F. Seible, G.M. Calvi Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, by Pankaj Agarwal, Manish Shrikhande Capacity Design, A Concept to Ensure Seismic Resistance of Building Structures, by Wiratman Wangsadinata Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Special Moment Frames - A Guide for Practicing Engineers by Jack P. Moehle, John D. Hooper, Chris D. Lubke (NEHRP)
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Proceedings of the workshop on Capacity Building in Earthquake Engineering Organized by Office of the Divisional Commissioner, Delhi Disaster Management Authority BMTPC IITK, Eartquake tip 9 Seismic Performance and Design Requirements for HighRise Concrete Buildings, by Joe Maffei , Noelle Yuen Capacity design concept for resistance to exceptional loads , by B. Hoffmeister

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THANK YOU

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