RATE OF REACTION

Measurement of the speed of reaction Change in amount of reactant or product against time. A reaction that happens quickly will take a shorter time to complete. The rate of reaction is high A reaction that takes places slowly will take a longer time to complete. The rate of reaction is low

Factors that affecting the rate of reaction

Size of reactants: the smaller the size of the reactant, the larger the total surface area which is exposed to collision Concentration: the higher the concentration of a solution, the more particles per unit volume Temperature: the higher the temperature the higher the content of particle energy. Particles move faster and have more energy Catalyst: catalyst provide an alternative route that requires a lower activation energy Frequency of collision between particles increases Frequency of effective collision between the particles that have activation energy increases. The rate of reaction increases.

Factors that affect the rate of reaction in daily life and in industrial processes

Burning of fuels Food stored in the refrigerator Cooking food with pressure cookers

Effective collision Collision theory states that a chemical reaction may occur as a result of the collision between particles Collision between the reactant particles that produces a chemical reaction is called an effective collision Activation energy is the minimum energy needed by the reactant particles to react Needs to be achieved by the reactant particles so that reaction can occur Frequency of collision is the number of collisions that take place in one second

Effect of the size of reactant If the size of a reactant is smaller, the total surface area that is exposed to collision between particles will be larger. The frequency collision between particles increase Rate of reaction increase

Effect of concentration - A higher concentration of reactant has more particles per unit volume - Frequency of collision increase - Rate of reaction increases

Effect of temperature Particles has more energy at higher temperature. The particles move at a greater speed The frequency of collision increases Rate of reaction increases

 Effect of catalyst - A catalyst can increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy of a reaction - Exothermic and endothermic reaction - Rate of reaction increase

Effect of pressure - At high pressure, gas particles will be compressed, and this lessens its volume - Frequency of collision between particles increases - Rate of reaction increases

CARBON COMPOUNDS
Carbon compounds: compound comprising carbon elements a) Organic carbon compounds - Contains a chemical bond between the carbon and hydrogen atoms, C-H b) Inorganic carbon compounds - Do not originate from living organisms

Similarities: contains carbon elements - Organic: yes - Inorganic: no Differences Originates from living things yes, no Combusts in air to produce carbon dioxide and water yes, no Size of molecules or compounds usually large small Solubility usually dissolve in organic solvent such as alcohol, water Example: starch, carbon dioxide

Hydrocarbon compounds
Contains carbon and hydrogen elements Carbon and hydrogen atoms are bonded together by covalent bonds There are two types of hydrocarbon compounds which are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon scompounds

ALKANE
Saturated hydrocarbon compound with a general formula of CnH2n+2 whereby n=1,2,3.. All alkanes burn completely, in excess oxygen, O2 to form carbon dioxide, CO2, and water, H2O When a mixture of alkane and halogen such as chlorine, Cl2 and bromine, Br2, is exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet rays, the hydrogen atoms in the alkane molecules are replaced by the halogen atoms. A substitution reaction occurs Long chained alkanes can be broken into shorter chained