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 STRESS
 A physiological or psychological
tension that can affect a person
 Non-specific response of the body
to a variety of noxious stimuli
(Selye)

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 STRESSOR
 A stimulus from the internal or
external environment which places
a demand on the system,
disrupting the dynamic equilibrium
 The stimuli preceding or
precipitating the change

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 TYPES OF STRESSORS
 INTERNAL STRESSORS
 Originate inside a person
 Fever, pregnancy, menopause, guilt
 EXTERNAL STRESSORS
 Originate outside a person

Marked change in environment
temperature
 Change in family or social role
 Peer pressure
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 ADAPTATION
 The process through which a
person changes in response to
stress

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 COMPONENTS OF
ADAPTATION
 PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
 PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
 DEVELOPMENTAL ADAPTATION
 SOCIO-CULTURAL ADAPTATION
 SPIRITUAL ADAPTATION
 PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION

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 MALADAPTATION
 Process that leads to inadequate
functioning
 Ineffective adaptation

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 PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESPONSE TO STRESS
 LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
 Response of a body tissue, organ, or
part to the stress of trauma, illness,
or other physiological change
 Blood clotting, wound healing,
accommodation of the eye to light,
response to pressure

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 CHARACTERISTICS
 Response is localized
 response is adaptive
 Response is short term
 Response is restorative

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1. REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE
 adaptive response which protects
the tissue from further damage
 Sensory receptor
 Sensory nerve to the spinal cord
 Motor nerve from the spinal cord
2. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
 Stimulated by trauma or infection
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 GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
 A physiologic response of the whole
body to stress
 Often referred to as the
neuroendocrine response

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Stage 1: Alarm reaction
 the immediate reaction to a
stressor
 humans exhibit a "fight or flight"
response - causes one to be ready
for physical activity
 decrease the effectiveness of the
immune system - making persons
more susceptible to illness
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Stage 2: Stage of
resistance
 stage of adaptation
 body adapts to the stressors it is
exposed to
 Changes at many levels take place in
order to reduce the effect of the
stressor
 For example, if the stressor is starvation
(possibly due to anorexia), the person might
experienced a reduced desire for physical
activity to conserve energy, and the
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Stage 3: Stage of
exhaustion
 the stress has continued for some time.
 body's resistance to the stress may

gradually be reduced, or may collapse

quickly
 the immune system, and the body's

ability to resist disease, may be almost

totally eliminated
 patients who experience long-term

stress may succumb to heart attacks or

severe infection due to their reduced
immunity.
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 DEFENSE MECHANISMS
 psychoanalytic or Freudian constructs
 help explain individual responses to anxiety
 help explain individual coping styles
 unconscious, meaning that we are not
consciously aware of their operation
 individualized, meaning that different people
use different sets of them
 are normal, meaning that everybody uses
them
 defense mechanisms do become of clinical
interest when they are exaggerate
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 COMPENSATION
 a process of psychologically
counterbalancing perceived
weaknesses by emphasizing
strength in other arenas.
 The "I'm not a fighter, I'm a lover"
philosophy can be an example of
compensation as can the
Napoleonic complex.
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 COMPENSATION
 Encountering failure or frustration in
some sphere of activity, one
overemphasizes another.
 the process of over-correcting for a
handicap or limitation.
 Examples:
 a physically unattractive adolescent
becomes an expert dancer.
 a youth with residual muscle damage from
poliomyelitis becomes an athlete.
 
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 CONVERSION
 Conflicts are presented by physical symptoms
involving portions of the body innervated by
sensory or motor nerves.
 This mechanism and somatization are the only
ones that are always pathological.
 Examples:
 a man's arm becomes paralyzed after impulses to
strike another
 regular heavy drinking limited to weekends;
 long periods of sobriety interspersed with binges of
daily heavy drinking lasting for weeks or months.

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 DENIAL
 is the refusal to accept reality and
to act as if a painful event, thought
or feeling did not exist.
 It is considered one of the most
primitive of the defense
mechanisms because it is
characteristic of very early
childhood development.
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 DISPLACEMENT
 the redirecting of thoughts feelings
and impulses from an object that
gives rise to anxiety to a safer,
more acceptable one.
 Being angry at the boss and
kicking the dog can be an example
of displacement.

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 DISPLACEMENT
 A change in the object by which an instinctual
drive is to be satisfied;
 shifting the emotional component from one
object or idea to another.
 Examples:
 a woman is abandoned by her fiance’; she quickly
finds another man about whom she develops the
same feelings;
 a salesman is angered by his superior but
suppresses his anger; later, on return to his home,
he punishes one of his children for misbehavior that
would usually be tolerated or ignored.

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 FANTASY
 is the channeling of unacceptable
or unattainable desires into
imagination.
 This can protect ones self esteem

as when educational, vocational or

social expectations are not being
met, one imagines success in
these areas and wards off self
condemnation.
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 IDENTIFICATION
 Similar to introjection, but of less
intensity and completeness.
 The unconscious modeling of one's self
upon another person.
 One may also identify with values and
attitudes of a group.
 Examples:
 without being aware that he is copying his
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 PROJECTION
 the attribution of one's undesired
impulses onto another.
 an angry spouse accuses their
partner of hostility.

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 RATIONALIZATION
 the cognitive reframing of ones
perceptions to protect the ego in
the face of changing realities.
 the promotion one wished
fervently for and didn't get
becomes "a dead end job for
brown nosers and yes men".

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 REACTION FORMATION
 the converting of wishes or
impulses that are perceived to be
dangerous into their opposites.
 A woman who is furious at her
child and wishes her harm might
become overly concerned and
protective of the child's health.

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 REGRESSION
 the reversion to an earlier stage of
development in the face of
unacceptable impulses.
 an adolescent who is overwhelmed
with fear, anger and growing
sexual impulses might become
clinging and begin thumb sucking
or bed wetting.
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 REGRESSION
 By another anxiety-evading
mechanism known as regression,
the personality may suffer a loss of
some of the development already
attained and may revert to a lower
level of adaptation and expression.

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 SUBLIMATION
 the channeling of unacceptable
impulses into more acceptable
outlets.

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 REPRESSION
 The blocking of unacceptable
impulses from consciousness
 The involuntary exclusion of a
painful or conflictual thought,
impulse, or memory from
awareness
 This is the primary ego defense
mechanism
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