N q

T
x
evaporation
q
T
x
condensation
N
N
T
x
drying
q
liquid vapour
Three times Mass & Heat Transfer
T
o
T
|
2CO CO
2
H
2
O H
2
+ CO
H
2
O + CO
H
2
+ CO
2
q
Reactions and Heat Transfer
gasification of coal
endothermic
reaction
1
2
3
1 mol of i at T, p
add heat
same p
H
dq
H dH +
enthalpy change
Enthalpy
H
0
T
T
ref
liquid
( )
H c T T
pL ref
=
molar heat capacity
H = 0 at the reference temperature
H
AH
ref
vap
0
T
T
ref
gas ( )
H c T T H
pG ref ref
vap
= + A
enthalpy of vaporisation,
(depends on choice of T
ref
)
Effect of Temperature
mixture
H x H
i i
=

H f T x
i i
= ( , )
species enthalpies
effect of composition often small: H H
i i
~
-
pure i
Enthalpy in Mixtures
Enthalpy of
Reaction
1
2
N H NH
2
3
2 2 3
+
(1) (2) (3)
H
T
T
ref
= 298
c c
p p 1 2
29 = =

J mol K
1 1
c
p3
41 =

J mol K
1 1
( )( )
1
2 1
3
2 2
c c T T
p p ref
+
NH
3
(3)
reactants
( )
AH T
reaction
AH
ref
reaction
=

461
1
. (mol ) kJ NH
3
( )
H H c T T
ref
reaction
p ref 3 3
= + A
changes are not
very important
Temperature Effects
MS-equation
) terms diffusion thermal ( ) (
,
+ , =
j i j j i i
u u x F
small
driving force
dz
dx
x
RT
dz
d
F
i
i T
i
i
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
difference form:
z
x
x
T R
F
i
i
i
A
A
=
at constant
temperature
average film
temperature
E
N
i
T
o
|


drift thermal
conduction

+ =
i i
H N
dz
dT
E
thermal conductivity species enthalpies
difference equation:
E h T NH
i i
= +

A
at the average T heat transfer coefficient
h
z
=

A
differential equation:
Az
AT
Energy Flux Relation
E E
E E = '
calculated with the
energy transport relation
calculated by
other means
the film other phase
Continuity of Energy Flux
a Bootstrap
Condensation with Inert Gas
condensate wall coolant
T
y
1
o
|
vapour

inert (1) accumulates at interface
y
H
R T T
vap
b
2
1 1
|
|
=
|
\

|
.
|
|

(
(
exp
A
y
2
interfacial equilibrium of (2)
low temperature for condensation
boiling point
E E

( ) ( )
' = + ' E N H T h T T
L
2 2 | |
methanol
nitrogen
Reaction with Convection
(1) (2) (3)
catalyst
o |
1
2 2
N
3
2
H
2
NH
3
bootstraps:
N N N N
2 1 3 1
3 2 = =
no net energy flux through film:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + = h T T N H T N H T N H T
| o


1 1 2 2 3 3
0
1
2
N H NH
2
3
2 2 3
+
( )
T T T = + 0 5 .
| o
conduction thermal drift
water (1)
air (2) + ammonia (3)
gas
liquid
10
30
50
T
o
C
condensation of 1
co-diffusion
absorption of 2
evaporation of 1
counter diffusion
Ammonia Absorber
T
o
T
|
y
1o
y
1|
E
N
( )
N H T E
L 1 1 o
=
water hot air (2)
water (1)
N
2
0 =
( ) ( ) T H N T T h E
G 1 1
+ =
o |
=

Ay
y N y N
k c
1
2 1 1 2
12 ,
bootstraps transport relations
(much) lower than
bulk temperature
T
y
1
Drop in a Spray Drier