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Pendahuluan
Sebagian besar makromolekul yang penting dalam sistem biologi berupa Polimer yang disebut sebagai biopolimer Biopolymers ada 3 kelas :
proteins,
polysaccharides (carbohydrates), dan nucleic acids.
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Proteins
Makromolekul yang sangat penting Melakukan sebagian besar fungsi biologis dalam sel Terdapat berbagai macam protein yang berbeda
Mempunyai struktur 3 dimensi spesifik Mempunyai fungsi yang spesifik
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Proteins
Tersusun dari rangkaian asam amino Terdapat 2 bentuk asam amino :
Netral (dengan gugus -NH2 and COOH) zwitterionic (dengan gugus -NH3+ and -COO-).
A zwitterion mempunyai mempunyai muatan negatif dan positif dalam 1 molekul. Terdapat 20 jenis asam amino dalam sebagian besar protein.
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Leucine L, Leu Lysine K, Lys Methionine M, Met Phenylalanine F, Phe Proline P, Pro Serine S, Ser Threonine T, Thr Tryptophan W, Trp Tyrosine Y, Tyr Valine V, Val
Fungsi Protein
Structural Movement Transport Storage Hormone Protection Enzymes
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Collagen; bones, tendons, cartilage Keratin; hair, skin, wool, nails, feathers
Immunoglobulins; stimulate immunity Snake venom; plant toxins; Sucrase; catalyzes sucrose hydrolysis Pepsin; catalyzes protein hydrolysis
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-amino group
-carbon Side chain
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Sifat asam basa dari asam amino Gugus karboksil sbg asam, donating a proton dalam larutan air. pKa gugus karoboksil normally 2 to 5. sehingga pH saat asam tsb terionisasi 50%: R-COOH R-COO- + H+
pH= [less than 2] [above 5]
Gugus Amino sebagai basa, menerima proton. pKa gugus amino around 9 10. sehingga pada pKa tsb groups are 50% ionized: R-NH3+ R-NH2 + H+
pH= [below 8]
[above 9]
Even though both acids and amines are present in the same molecule, they mostly behave as though they were separate entities:
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Summary: At low pH, proton concentration [H+]is high. Therefore, both amines and carboxylic acids are protonated. (-NH3+ & -COOH) At high pH, proton concentration is low. Therefore, both amines and carboxylic acids are deprotonated. (-NH2 & -COO-) At neutral pH, amines are protonated(-NH3+) and carboxylates are deprotonated(-COO-)
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Zwitter Ions: Ions yang mempunyai dua muatan disebut zwitter ions oleh ilmuwan German; the name still applies today, especially for amino acids at neutral pH:
+H N 3
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CH2 COO
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pH=1:
pH=7:
pH=12:
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pH=1:
+H N 3
CH2 - COOH
pH=7:
pH=12:
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pH=1:
+H N 3
pH=7:
+H N 3
pH=12:
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pH=1:
+H N 3
pH=7:
+H N 3
pH=12:
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Nonpolar
Polar
Acidic Basic
Nonpolar Amino Acids Nonpolar amino acid mempunyai R group alkyl group (7), atau aromatic (2).
Nonpolar asam amino
Glysin (Gly)
Alanin (Ala)
Valin (Val)
Leucine (Leu)
Isoleucine (Ile)
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Phenylalanine (Phe)
Tryptophan (Trp)
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Polar amino acid mempunyai R group alcohol, thiol, atau amide (5), aromatik (1).
Polar asam amino (netral)
Serine (Ser)
Threonine (Thr)
Tyrosine (Tyr)
Cysteine (Cys)
Aspargine (Asn)
Glutamine (Glu)
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Tryptophan dan tyrosine mengabsorbsi sinar ultraviolet. Absorbance maximal sekitar panjang gelombang 280 nm. Kontribusi Phenylalanine pada umumnya sangat sedikit pada panjang gelombang tsb.
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Prolin banyak berpengaruh terhadap arsitektur protein karena strukturnya yang lebih konformatif rotasi terbatas
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Proteins
Bagaimana asam amino bisa terangkai menjadi pipeptida?
Reaksi Dehydrasi
(removal of water molecule)
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Formation of Peptide Bonds by Dehydration Amino acids are connected head to tail NH2
COOH
Carbodiimide
NH2
COOH
Dehydration
-H2O
O NH2
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C N
COOH
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Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
H
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Ser
Phe
Cys
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R groups
Ser
Phe
Cys
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Definition:
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IUPAC Name:
N-L- Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester
Abbreviated Structure:
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Insulin merupakan prot terkecil dengan 51 amino acids dalam dua rantai yang diikatkan oleh cystine (disulfide) :
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Peptida yg aktif secara dan polypeptides yang terjadi secara cepat dlm jumlah yang besar
Oxytocin: nine amino acid residues, secreted by the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions. Glucagon: 29 residues, a pancreatic hormone, opposing the action of insulin.
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Primary Structure
Primary Structure
Overall structure depends upon:
number of amino acids (length of protein) specific composition of amino acids (number of amino acids of each type)
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9/24/2013 Modified by Prof Sismindari Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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9/24/2013 Modified by Prof Sismindari Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Struktur 3D lysozyme
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Sekuen ribonuclease:
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Collagen
triple helix
Hemoglobin
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*
Glu acidic Val nonpolar
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Protein Structure
Protein conformation can change in response to environment of protein
temperature, pH, salt concentration, etc. may disrupt H-bonds, ionic bonds, etc.
Denaturation is the unfolding of the protein Renaturation is the refolding of the protein back
to its normal functional shape
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Anfinson chose the enzyme, ribonuclease, for his experiments. This enzyme hydrolyzes RNA and is composed of a single polypeptide chain with 124 amino acids. Four disulfide (cystine) linkages are observed in the active enzyme that stabilize the 3-D (3) shape of the enzyme. The enzyme functions only when its 3demention structure is properly aligned.
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Anfinsons Experiment:
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