RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONTINUED

WHAT IS THE STIMULUS FOR BREATHING?

In an experiment, it was observed that the breathing rate decreases when the subject is breathing 100% oxygen, but increases when the subject is breathing a mixture of 92% oxygen and 8% carbon dioxide.

WHAT IS THE STIMULUS FOR BREATHING?

The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide, the higher the breathing rate. Hence, the stimulus for breathing is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood or in the alveolar air, not a lack of oxygen.

EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE ON HUMAN HEALTH

Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke Nicotine

Properties of the Chemicals

Effects on the Body

Addictive drug Increase in Causes the heartbeat & release of the blood hormone pressure adrenaline Makes blood Increased risk clot easily of blood clots in blood vessels

Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke

Properties of the Chemicals

Effects on the Body

Carbon Monoxide Combines with Death if hemoglobin to concentrations form in the air are carboxyhemogl increased by obin reduces 1% oxygen transport efficiency of red blood cells

Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke

Properties of the Chemicals

Effects on the Body

Carbon Monoxide Increases the Increased risk rate of fatty of deposits on the atherosclerosis inner arterial wall Damages the Increased risk lining of blood of blood vessels clotting in the arteries

Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke

Properties of the Chemicals

Effects on the Body

Tar

Contains Blockage in the cancer-causing air sacs & (carcinogenic) reduction in chemicals gas exchange which induce efficiency uncontrolled cell division of the epithelium

Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke

Properties of the Chemicals

Effects on the Body

Tar

Paralyzes cilia Dust particles lining the air trapped in the passages mucus lining the airways cannot be removed

Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke

Properties of the Chemicals

Effects on the Body

Irritants (e.g. Paralyzes cilia Increased risk hydrogen cyanide, lining the air of chronic formaldehyde) passages bronchitis & emphysema

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes Symptoms include: - the epithelium lining the airways becomes inflamed - excessive mucus is secreted by the epithelium

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
- The cilia on the epithelium are paralyzed. Mucus & dust particles cannot be removed. - The airways become blocked, making breathing difficult - The person has to cough persistently to clear his airways in order to breathe.

EMPHYSEMA a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs

EMPHYSEMA
Symptoms include:

- Violent coughing breaks the partition walls between the air sacs.
- The surface area for gaseous exchange decreases. - The lungs becomes inflated with air.

- The lungs lose their elasticity.

- Breathing becomes difficult. The person wheezes and suffers severe breathlessness.

LUNG CANCER Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both lungs; usually in the cells that line the air passages. The abnormal cells do not develop into healthy lung tissue, they divide rapidly and form tumors.

Number of cigarettes Risk of lung cancer smoked per day compared with a non-smoker

10 20 30

10 times greater 20 times greater 30 times greater

LUNG CANCER
Symptoms include:

- may have no symptoms but tumor can be seen in a chest X-ray

- cough

- shortness of breath
- wheezing

- chest pain