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Cases
1. Case names are either italicized or underlined. Pick one method and be consistent. Rule 1B. The comma is neither underlined nor italicized. Rule B4 2. Case citations appear within the text. Do not footnote. They can appear as separate citation sentences (starting with a capital letter and ending with a period) or clauses (separated by commas).
Pinpoint Citations
1. You must let the reader know the precise page of the case where the information or quote can be found. This is called a pinpoint citation. 2. In a full citation, the pinpoint cite follows the first page of the case, separated by a comma. Rule B4.1.2. Lazar v. Thermal Equip. Co., 195 Cal. Rptr. 890, 893 (Ct. App. 1983). 3. If pinpoint citing to consecutive pages, where the page numbers are more than three or more digits, retain the last two digits and drop the rest. Lazar v. Thermal Equip. Co., 195 Cal. Rptr. 890, 892-93 (Ct. App. 1983).
Short Cites
1.Short cites may be used after fully citing a case. 2. Short cites always have an at. 3. Use the first name of the parties. Ex: Lazar, 195 Cal. Rptr. at 892. The Bluebook also permits the following form: 195 Cal. Rptr. at 892. This is probably not a good idea, as it is hard on the reader. Rule B.4.2
State Statutes
1. Cite to the official code. For California, see page 231. 2. For California, the cite would include Cal. [Subject Civ./Penal/Bus. & Prof., etc] Code Section Sign, Section No.; (Publisher (either West or Deering) and the year). The latter two pieces of information are in parens. Rule B5.1.2 and Page 231-32. 3. For statutory short cites, see B5.2. Id. May be used for the identical provision.
Capitalization
Court Capitalize court when (1) naming any court in full; (2) referring to the US Supreme court; or (3) referring to the court that will be receiving the document. Rule B7.3.1. Parties Capitalize plaintiff, defendant, etc. when referring to the parties who are the subject matter of your document. Rule B7.3.2. Court Documents See above rule. Rule B7.3.3. For other capitalization rules, See Rule 8.
Signals
Signals let the reader know how the cases are connected. 1. No signal authority directly states the proposition. Rule B3.1 2. Contra authority directly states the opposite of the proposition. 3. E.g. other authorities also directly state the proposition. Rule B3.2 4. See authority supports, but does not directly state, the proposition Rule B3.3.
Signals Continued
Signals are underlined or italicized. Signals can be used together (ExSee also). Parenthetical explanations explaining the cases are highly encouraged. Other useful signals may be found in Rule 1.2. Order of signals See Rule 1.3.
Parenthetical Explanations
1. Parenthetical explanations may be used to:
Provide information indicating the weight of the authority. Ex (Powell, J., dissenting) Explain the relevance of the case. Use either a present participle, or a short quotation. These are one sentences. Lazar v. Thermal Equip. Corp., 195 Cal. Rptr. 890 (Ct. App. 1983)(holding that employee acted within the scope of employment partially because his deviation was minor). Rule B4.1.5; B11, Rule 1.5 To indicate that the court is quoting from another source. Rule 5.2; Rule 10.6.2
Quotations
1. Use quotation marks. Punctuation is inside the quotation marks. Rule B12.1 2. Quotations of 50 or more words:
No quotation marks Indent right and left Citation appears at the left margin, and is Not indented. B12.2; 5.1
Quotations Continued
1. When altering a quotation (such as changing from upper or lower case or substituting words), use brackets ([ ]). 2. When indicating a mistake in the original, use [sic]. Rule 5.2 3. Omission of word/words is indicated by three periods separated by spaces and by spaces before and after the first and last period. Rule 5.3
Quotations
Do not use an ellipsis to begin a quote. Do not use an ellipsis when the word or words are being altered. Indicate omitted footnotes by using a parenthetical explanation. Rule 5.3
Numbers
Spell out 0-99. Round numbers may be spelled out if done consistently. When a series of numbers includes numbers over and under 99, use numerals for all of them. (117, 6 and 28 pounds). Numerals are used for section numbers. Spell out Section in text. Do not use a Section sign. Rule 6.2