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• Memorability
Marketer’s offensive strategy
• Meaningfulness and build brand equity
• Likability
• Transferability
• Adaptability Defensive role for leveraging
and maintaining brand equity
• Protectability
Memorability
• Brand elements should inherently be memorable and
attention-getting, and therefore facilitate recall or
recognition.
• Easily recognizable
• Easily recalled
Meaningfulness
• Brand elements may take on all kinds of meaning, with either
descriptive or persuasive content.
• Two particularly important criteria
– General information about the nature of the product
category
– Specific information about particular attributes and benefits
of the brand
• The first dimension is an important determinant of brand
awareness and salience; the second, of brand image and
positioning.
Likability
• Do customers find the brand element aesthetically
appealing?
• Descriptive and persuasive elements reduce the
burden on marketing communications to build
awareness.
• Rich visual and verbal imagery
Transferability
• How useful is the brand element for line or category
extensions?
• To what extent does the brand element add to brand
equity across geographic boundaries and market
segments?
Adaptability
• The more adaptable and flexible the brand element,
the easier it is to update it to changes in consumer
values and opinions.
• For example, logos and characters can be given a new
look or a new design to make them appear more
modern and relevant.
BETTY CROCKER
MAKEOVER
Protectability
• Marketers should:
1. Choose brand elements that can be legally
protected internationally.
2. Formally register chosen brand elements with the
appropriate legal bodies.
3. Vigorously defend trademarks from unauthorized
competitive infringement.
Tactics for Brand Elements
• A variety of brand elements can be chosen that inherently
enhance brand awareness or facilitate the formation of
strong, favorable, and unique brand associations.
Brand Names
URLs
Logo
Colors
Characters
Slogan/ Punch Line
Tagline/ Baseline
Jingle/ Signature Tune
Brand Names
• Like any brand element, brand names must be chosen
with the six general criteria of memorability,
meaningfulness, likability, transferability,
adaptability, and protectability in mind.
The Linguistics of Brand Names
• Existing words (including proper names,
compounds, foreign words)
– Mercedes, Golf, Bounty, Slim Fast,
Ja!Natürlich, Tempo, Nivea
• Newly created names (coined names)
with recognizable links to existing
words
– Rapso [rapeseed oil], clinique,
Milka,whiskas
• Artificial creations
– Kodak, Twix, Twingo
Brand Naming Guidelines
• Brand awareness
– Simplicity and ease of pronunciation and spelling
– Familiarity and meaningfulness
– Differentiated, distinctive, and uniqueness
• Brand associations
– The explicit and implicit meanings consumers extract from
it are important. In particular, the brand name can reinforce
an important attribute or benefit association that makes up
its product positioning.
Brand Naming Procedures
• Define objectives
• Generate names
• Screen initial candidates
• Study candidate names
• Research the final candidates
• Select the final name
Brand Names
Core indicator of the brand.
Shorthand means
Great Research
• A company can either sue the current owner of the URL for
copyright infringement, buy the name from the current
owner, or register all conceivable variations of its brand as
domain names ahead of time.
Colors
Examples:
• Some are animated like Pillsbury’s Poppin’ Fresh Doughboy,
• Britannia Treat ‘Funtoon’…..
• Others are live-action figures like Juan Valdez (Colombian
coffee), the Maytag repairman, and Ronald McDonald. Notable
newcomers include the AOL running man, the Budweiser frogs.
• Amul Girl, Asian Paint Gattu, Onida Devil, Britannia Tiger…
Characters in BM
Slogans/Punch lines
• Short phrases communicate descriptive or persuasive
information
• Reinforce the name.
• Summarised headlines.
• Kept at least for one campaign.
• Can be printed or sung.
• Not more than 7-8 words.
• Idea centered.
Examples:-
•Farex. “A tastier way to grow.”
•Complan. “The complete planned food.”
•Cadbury. “Kuch meetha ho jaye.”
•Pepsi. “Yeh Pyaas Hai Badi”.
Slogans
• Like a good neighbor, • We try harder
State Farm is there • We’ll pick you up
• Just do it • Nextel – Done
• Nothing runs like a Deere • Zoom Zoom
• Help is just around the • I’m lovin’ it
corner • Innovation at work
• Save 15% or more in 15 • This Bud’s for you
minutes or less
• Thanda matlab Coca • Always low prices
Cola • Yeh Dil Maange More
• Public ka Naya transport • Taste of India
• Baaki all bakwaas • Cheeta bhi peeta hai
• Nothing official about it
Baseline/Tagline
• A tagline is a variant of a branding slogan
typically used in marketing materials and
advertising.
Examples:
• Amul “Utterly Butterly Delicious”.
• Cadbury Dairy Milk “Kya baat Jindagi ki”.
• Titan Music
• Nokia
• Idea – 9818……
PACKAGING
- Part of the actual product or wrapper of a brand/product.
- Consists of a products physical container, label and/or insert.
- Approximately 10% of product selling cost.
- Can effect purchase decisions.