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COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS is a semantic process in which a words meaning is reduced to its ultimate contrastive elements, or MINIMAL COMPONENTS.
Structural semantics and the componential analysis were patterned on the phonological methods of the Prague School, which described sounds by determining the absence and presence of features. Componential analysis gave birth to various models in generative semantics, lexical field theory, and transformational grammar.
Another linguist, Wierzbicka, created an extreme version of componential analysis. Wierzbicka's view is that there exists a very restricted set of universal semantic atoms in terms of which all conceivable meanings can be expressed. Her inventory of primes is astonishingly small (she started out with eleven, but the list has now grown to fifty or so), and they are not abstract, but concrete.
Why do we use componential analysis? Well... We can describe meanings, meaning relationships (like ENTAILMENT) and the grammatical behaviour of word classes by analyzing word meanings into meaning components. It reveals the culturally important features by which speakers of the language distinguish different words in the domain.
Man Woman
+ MALE - MALE
Boy
Girl
+HUMAN - ADULT
+ HUMAN - ADULT
+ MALE
- MALE
MALE
NOT MALE
MALE
NOT MALE
MAN
WOMAN
BOY
GIRL
1. DIMENSIONS (HUMAN, ADULT, MALE) 2. FEATURES (+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + MALE, HUMAN, - ADULT, - MALE)
LETS VISUALIZE
BOOKS
WORDS
SYLLABLES
LETTERS. SIMILAR TO THIS WORDS MORE BASIC WORDS WORDS THAT SERVE AS GENERAL CATEGORIES
There are three types of components: 1.Common components common to all of the meanings in the set, thus defining the set. 2.Diagnostic components essential (necessary and sufficient) to distinguish the various meanings. 3.Supplementary components important for an extensive definition, but not diagnostic in specifying basic differences. * for example, RUN may serve as a supplementary component for SPEED.
PROBLEMS WITH COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS: It sometimes forces the investigator to highlight features that are not distinctive at all for one or some of the items in the lexical field under investigation, although they may be distinctive for the rest.
BACHELOR: 1.A person who has received what is usually the lowest degree of academic education. 2.An unmarried man. 3.A male animal (as a seal) without a mate during breeding time.
Bachelor 1
+HUMAN
One of the earliest and still most persistent and widespread ways of approaching word meaning is to think of the meaning of a word as being constructed out of smaller, more elementary, invariant units of meaning. Probably the first statement of a componential programme for semantics within modern linguistics was due to Hjelmslev, but it has Czech, German, and French variants. Componential analysis is as good as any wellformed definition (Nida 1975 : 120)