Lattice Boltzman method

Lattice Boltzman Method is specifically used for

simulation of mesoscopic fluid flows.
Lattice Boltzmann models vastly simplify Boltzmanns
original conceptual view by reducing the number of
possible particle spatial positions and microscopic
momenta from a continuum to just a handful and
similarly discretizing time into discrete steps. Particle
positions are confined to the node of a lattice.

Lattice Boltzman method
Version History
version Date Author Reviewed Remarks
V 0.1 20.01.2010 Sharma - First Draft
V 0.2 28.02.2010 Sharma Prof Amit Agarwal Few modifications
V 0.3 14.02.2010 Sharma As per recommendations and
suggestions of prof Amit
Agarwal.
Lattice Boltzman method
Introduction
Lattice Gas Cellular Automata (LGCA) and Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) are
relatively new and promising methods for the solution of nonlinear partial differential
equations and simulation of fluid flows.
Lattice Boltzmann models have ability to simulate single and multi-phase flows of
single and multicomponent fluids.
LBM is relatively recent technique that has been shown to be as accurate as
traditional CFD methods having the ability to integrate arbitrarily complex geometries
at a reduced computational cost.
Lattice Boltzmann models vastly simplify Boltzmanns original conceptual view by
reducing the number of possible particle spatial positions and microscopic momenta
from a continuum to just a handful and similarly discretizing time into discrete steps.
Particle positions are confined to the node of a lattice.
Variations in momenta that could have been due to a continuum of velocity directions
and magnitudes and varying particle mass are reduced to eight directions leading to a
D2Q9 model.


Lattice Boltzman method
The Lattice Boltzmann Method:
From a lattice gas perspective
Example of lattice gas collision
LBM D2Q9 lattice structure
indicating velocity directions
Lattice Gas:

Individual particles move (stream) along a lattice

structure.

Collisions are resolved using a set of collision

rules.

Large number of lattice nodes and results have

statistical noise due to its Boolean nature.

Lattice Boltzmann:

Instead of tracking individual particles, LBM

tracks distribution function (the probability of finding
a particle at a given location at a given time)

This approach eliminates the statistical noise.

Figure

shows the cartesian lattice with 8 velocities
vectors. Point 0 represents the particles at rest.
This model is known as D2Q9 as it is two
dimensional and contains nine velocities.

Lattice Boltzman method
D2Q9 Model

The lattice unit lu is the fundamental measure of length in LBM, time steps (ts) is the
time unit and mass unit (mu) is used for mass.

The velocity magnitude of 1 through 4 velocity vectors is 1 (lu/ts) and that of index 5
to 8 is lu/ts.

These velocities are exceptionally convenient in that all of their x and y-components
are either 0 or 1.

Mass of particles is uniformly taken 1 mu throughout the domain.

Lattice Boltzman method
The Lattice Boltzmann Method:

The continuous Boltzmann equation:



The Maxwell-Boltzmann equilibrium distribution function:



The BGK model for collisions:



where is the relaxation time.


.
e
coll
t
f
f
t
f
Dt
Df
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= V +
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
RT RT
f
eq
2
u) (e
exp
2
2
t

f f
t
f
eq
coll

=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
Lattice Boltzman method
The lattice Boltzmann equation can be rigorously derived
from the continuous Boltzmann equation (He and Luo 1997)
and is given by:



where is the dimensionless relaxation time ( = /
t
),
indicates the discrete velocity direction, and the equilibrium
distribution function, f
eq
, is given by:



where c is the speed at which a distribution function moves,
i.e.
x
/
t
.
t
o o
o o
o o
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , (
t x f t x f
t x f t e x f
eq
t t

= + +
(

+ =
2
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
u) (e 9 u e
1
c
u
c c
w f
eq
o o
o o

Lattice Boltzman method

:
Determining macroscopic properties

Continuous Boltzmann

Density:

Momentum:
Lattice Boltzmann

Density:




Momentum:

The N-S equations can be derived from the lattice Boltzmann equation using a Chapman-Enskog expansion (He
and Luo 1997).
From the expansion, the macroscopic property of viscosity is found from the following relationship for the D2Q9
model:

}
= e d f

= =
o
o
o
o

eq
f f

= =
o o
o o o o

eq
f e f e u
t
x
o
o t
v
2
6
1 2
=
}
= e e u d f
Lattice Boltzman method
Streaming and collision

Lattice Boltzman method
D2Q9 model analysis
For athermal fluids, the equilibrium distribution function for D2Q9 model is given by
where w0 = 4/9, w1 = w2 = w3 = w4 = 1/9, and w5 = w6 = w7 = w8 = 1/36.


Lattice Boltzman method


Lattice Boltzmann method is the particle behavior at following scale


a)
Microscopic



a)
Nano scale



a)
Mesoscopic



a)
Sub atomic scale.


Lattice Boltzman method
D2Q9 Model corresponds to flow
characterization of
a)
2d model with 9 densities
b)
2d model with 9 velocities
c)
2d model with 9 accelerations
d)
2d model with 9 distances.

Lattice Boltzman method
LBM determines velocity using one of the following
a)
Scientific approach
b)
Mathematical and purely scientific approach
c)
Empirical Approach
d)
Probabilistic approach
Lattice Boltzman method
The approximation accompanied in LBM is
a)
GKB approximation
b)
BGK Approximation
c)
Einsteins Approximation
d)
Chapman Enskog approximation
Lattice Boltzman method
References

Chen, S. & Doolen, G. D. (1998). Lattice Boltzmann method for fluid flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 30, 329-
364
2. Chopard, B. & Droz, M. (1998). Cellular Automata Modeling of Physical Systems,


http://www.sandia.gov/eesector/gs/gc/hws/Tiny.mpg

http://www.science.uva.nl/research/scs/projects/lbm_web/lbm.html