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SAARC countries have adopted their own AC Voltage standards even though all are 50 Hz power system. For inter-connection, harmonization of voltage standard itself sometimes become an issue (why should I change attitude !) System Voltage regulation in general is 5-10% of nominal value and is maintained to avoid system voltage collapse and damage to customer loads. Local country specific requirement and tolerance limit differ ! Reactive compensators (Capacitors in series and shunts, inductors in shunt) are employed to maintain the voltage within permissible limit of regulation at the sending and receiving ends. While auto-transformers are mostly deployed for voltage regulation, FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) are deployed in Large long distant and complicated inter-connections to improve grid stability and voltage regulation. If the inter-connection between two grids is at Multiple voltage levels, it will require both the grid interconnections to have identical vector groups for the ICT between these two voltages or additional phase-correction transformers would be necessary. Sometimes voltage regulation becomes an issue, when and which side is not sure who will put up the voltage regulating device and where. This needs to be planned, designed and incorporated appropriately at the System planning and design stage in the beginning along with appropriate codal norms and prior to inter-connection to avoid operation problem later.
Summary
The various issues, in summary can be classified as Basic Issues (Voltage, frequency, phasor matching) Inter-grid communication Issues (both technical and policy protocol requirements) Internal Security Mechanisms (Safeguarding the internal systems from external disturbances and the necessity to ensure transient response and protection) Impact of non-uniform standards (effect on line parameters, thermal capacity of cross-border transmission lines etc.) Technical vs Policy issues (Billing, Metering and Wheeling related issues) Internal and External Regulatory Issues
Concluding remarks
The Hard work and efforts that we , the committed electricity handlers put in for integrated grid development and Power system operation for the benefits of mankind are often challenged and questioned especially during major grid failures. Just one minor fault or small unforeseen error can cause the Grid to collapse and customers only point finger at us and we should be always aware of this, because our stakeholders dont understand the complexity of electricity and its operation! They just want the electricity service, no matter whether it is sun, rain, snow, wind, typhoon and earthquake or tsunami or any force majeure condition! They just dont care ! Thats the reality of life situation, we face! We should know that and be always prepared for any eventuality and we should not compromise on costs for acquiring knowledge, skills and experience in system planning, design, construction, operation and including system studies for stability, fault analysis and relay & protection coordination. Power system managers and engineers therefore need to think, plan and work always to be smart and adopt smartgrid management techniques all the while for this purpose ! Periodic review of both technical and policy matters need to be taken up through appropriate forums such as TCC, OCC, PCC, SCC etc. for overall enhanced inter-grid operation. This networking is an great opportunity to share the experiences through such dialogue for initiating Transmission Utility Forum.
End of Presentation
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