Properties of Engineering materials

Chemical Properties
Physical Properties Dimensional Properties

Processing properties
Mechanical Properties

Chemical Properties
Composition

Crystal structure
Microstructure Stereo specificity

Corrosion Resistant
Chemical Reactivity

Physical Properties
General Physical Properties

Electrical Properties

Dimension Colour Appearance Density Porosity

Resistivity & Conductivity Dielectric Constant Dielectric Strength Thermoelectricity Permeability Magnetic Field Intensity Magnetic Induction Magnetic Flux Hysteresis Coercive force Superconductivity Reflection & Refraction Dispersion Refractive Index Interference Diffraction Polarization Optical activity

Magnetic Properties

Thermal Properties

Melting Point Specific Heat Heat capacity Thermal expansion Thermal conductivity Thermal stability Thermal shock resistance Thermal spalling Refractoriness Heat resistance

Optical Properties

Processing properties
Weldability Solderability Workability/formability Castability Machinability

Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties are the characteristics of materials that describe the behaviour under the action of external forces.
Tensile strength
Yield Strength Impact strength Shear strength Compression Strength Hardness Maleability Ductility

Brittleness
Fatigue Creep Elasticity Plasticity Toughness Resilience Wear Resistance

Tensile strength
Tensile strength is a measure of strength and ductility

of the material. Ultimate tensile strength is the force required to fracture a material. Tensile strength = Maximum tensile load applied /Original cross sectional area = Pmax/A Ultimate tensile strength can be determined by stressstrain graph. The tensile strength can be studied by Universal testing Machine.

Yield Strength
Higher yield strength shows greater resistance for

plastic deformation. It is the ability of the material to resist plastic deformation. The point at which stress due to strain suddenly increases is the yield point or yield strength. Yield strength = Load at yield point/Area of cross section = P(yield)/A0

Impact Strength
It is the capacity of the material to resist or absorb

shock energy. The impact strength can be directly determined by Izod and Charpy test.

Shear strength
It determines the materials tendering to withstand

forces acting tangetial causing crystal dislocation due to the relative movement of the layers. Shear strength = Maximum tangential load/ Original cross sectional area = P (tangential)/A0

Compression Strength
It is the maximum value of compressive stress applied

to break it off by crushing. Compressive strength = Maximum compressive load/ Original cross sectional area = P (compressive)/A0 Compression test is also conducted on a Universal Testing Machine.

Hardness
Resistance to penetration. Resistance of a material to plastic deformation by indentation. The hardness of metals can be improved by alloying, cold work

and precipitation hardening. It is the property of material by virtue of which it is able to resist abrasion indentation, deformation and scratching by harder bodies. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell, Rockwell etc and represented by Brinell Hardness No(BHN) and Rockwell hardness No.(RHN). Yield strength and Hardness are interdependent characteristics.

Malleability: ability of metal or alloy to withstand deformation under compression. Malleability mainly concerned with the ability of a metal to be made as thin sheets by hammering .

Ductility: capacity of material to undergo deformation

under tension without rupture.

Ductility is the ability of the material to be drawn as wire

with minimum radius or diameter.

Brittleness: the material having little malleability and

ductility .

Fatigue: It is a kind of failure in metals or alloys, which is

caused by repeated fluctuating loads.

Creep: It is defined as the time-dependent and permanent

deformation of the material when subjected to a constant load or stress.

Elasticity: Some materials may recover instantaneously from the distorting or deforming effects. This property is known as elasticity. It is measured in terms of Youngs Modulus of elasticity. Youngs Modulus = Stress/Strain = (P/A)/(dl/l)= P.l/A.dl Plasticity: It is the tendency of the material to get deformed gradually up to the yield point when the material is subjected to an externally applied force that overcomes the elastic limit.

Wear Resistance: It is defined as the ability of the material to resist wear, tear abrasion. Toughness: It is the property of the materials which requires to withstand the stress and strain situations. It is also defined as the ability of the materials to withstand bending on application of shear stress without fracture. It can also be defined as the ability to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing.

Resilience: It is the ability of the material to absorb energy when it is elastically deformed by loading and then upon unloading , same amount of energy will be released. For perfectly elastic material resilience is ONE.

Classification of Materials

COMPOSITES

BIOMATERIALS

Low Carbon Steel

Non-Metals
Glasses Silicates Ceramics Refractory

Glasses:
Glass is a hard, brittle and transparent material formed by cooling of a liquid of high viscosity produced by fusing a mixture of metallic carbonates, silica and metallic oxide. The general formula

where M1 is an atom of monovalent alkali metal like Na, K etc and M2 is an atom of bivalent metal like Ca, Zn, Pb etc. In certain glasses instead of silica, borax or alumina like compounds are used.

Types of Glasses:
Soda glass or soft glass Potash glass or hard glass Boro silicate glass or Pyrex glass Silica glass or Vitreosil Optical or Crooks glass Glass Wool Laminated Glass Poly crystalline Glass or Pyroceram glass Toughened Glass Insulating Glass Wired Glass Opal Glass Cellular Foam Glass Coated Glass Photochromic glass

Properties of Glasses:
Good electric Insulator Resistant to many chemicals, solvents and acids Very low thermal conductivity Low coefficient of thermal expansion compared to many metals and plastics Brittle and have very low ductility. Tensile strength is varying from low to medium. Harder than many metals

Applications of Glasses:
Construction of materials such as fiber glass reinforcing material in composite material, glass pipe, fiber glass insulation, glass springs etc. Door, windows and furniture of houses and official buildings. Laboratory equipments and chemical glassware are made up of silica glasses or borosilicate glasses. Many decorative articles are blown or molded out of glasses. Crooks glasses are used as optical glasses Incandescent bulbs are made up of different variety of glasses. Radio, X-ray and TV tubes Electrical or thermal insulators Automobile and aircraft windows or wind shields are made up of shock proof glasses which are called safety glasses.

CERAMICS
The term Ceramic is from Greek word KERAMAS which means BURNT MATERIAL. Ceramic materials are like, Sand Glass Refractory Abrasives Clay Products Cement Insulators Engineering synthetic Ceramics etc

Ceramics materials Clay products Advance ceramics

Glasses

Refractory

Abrasives

Glass

Structural clay products

Fireclay

Glassceramics

White ware

Silica

Basic

Special

Properties of Ceramics
Hardness and Resistance to wear: high Compressive Strength: High Impact Strength: Considerable Modulus of Elasticity: range from 7 * 1010 N/m2 - 40 * 1010 N/m2 The mechanical properties mainly depends on the grain size and porosity.

Applications of Ceramics
Clay construction products - bricks, clay pipe, and building

tile Refractory ceramics - ceramics capable of high temperature applications such as furnace walls, crucibles, and molds Cement used in concrete - used for construction and roads Whiteware products - pottery, stoneware, fine china, porcelain, and other tableware, based on mixtures of clay and other minerals Glass - bottles, glasses, lenses, window pane, and light bulbs Glass fibers - thermal insulating wool, reinforced plastics (fiberglass), and fiber optics communications lines Abrasives - aluminum oxide and silicon carbide Cutting tool materials - tungsten carbide, aluminum oxide, and cubic boron nitride

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