Section 10

Relay Input Sources

np
CT load
(burden)
ns
ip
is
Burden
Magnetizing
Branch
ip Rp Lp Ls Rs
is
Ideal
CT
ip Rp Lp Ls Rs
is Es
im
imr imx
Lm Rm
Rl
ip
is Es
im
Lm
Rb
Current
source
] ) sin( ) [sin( ) (
1 T
t
peak e t I t i

+ + = o o e
2
t
o =
)] cos( [ ) (
1
t e I t i
T
t
peak e =

Short Circuit Currents

Simulations
-1
0
1
2
Time
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

0 20 40
-1
0
1
2
Time [ms]
C
u
r
r
e
n
t


0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Time [s]
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]

Symmetric
Asymmetric
-150
-100
-50
50
100
150
200
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time [s]
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]

Symmetric
Asymmetric
10
100
1000
CT ratio
error [%]
600/5 A, C100 CT
with 1.5 O total load resistance
Ideal CT
10 100 1000
CT Primary Current [A] (referred to the secondary)
C
T

S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]


CT Saturation for Symmetric Fault Currents
0.1 1 10 100
10
100
Exciting Current [A]
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]

15
23
35
48
7
Lm is nonlinear inductor,
specified in piecewise linear form

+-I data points are not readily available

ATP provides a routine SATURATION to
convert V
rms
-I
rms
characteristics
into +-I set




Flux
Current
Flux-Current Characteristic
Representing the Noise
Example:

Modeling a

600/5 A Current Transformer
This example includes 5 files:

1. Flux-Current curve generation

2. CT model using Type 98 element

3. Hysteresis generation

4. CT model using Type 96 element

5. Simulation of the CT V-I curve
measurement (verifies proper modeling)


1. Input File for Flux-Current Curve Calculation
(Type 98 model based on the V-I p.u. values)

BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
SATURATION
60. 5.e-3 25.0e-6 1
1.0722322e-3 4.1719300e-1
1.9397460e-3 9.8089860e-1
.
.
.
2.4254340 2.7519700e+1
9999.
BLANK CARD ENDING PLOTS
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK CARD ENDING CASE
Current
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V-I p.u. values
2. CT Model using Type 98 Element

TRANSFORMER CTA1
9999.
C TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
01CTIN1A 1.E-7 1.E-9 5.
02 SEC21A 1.E-4 1.E-6 600.
98SEC21A .01279.0184
0.0075818266 0.0078251180
0.0127888317 0.0183983128
0.0258246561 0.0471187672
.
.
.
27.6428084758 0.5161757276
9999.
SEC21ACTOUTA .22 1.
Simulations

4. Input File for the Hysteresis
Curve Generation

BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
HYSTERESIS
C 88.
1 4 1
5283.45 77.57983
BLANK CARD ENDING PLOTS
BLANK EGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK CARD ENDING CASE

3. CT Model using Type 96 Element

TRANSFORMER CTA1
9999.
C TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
01CTIN1A 1.E-7 1.E-9 5.
02 SEC21A 1.E-4 1.E-6 600.
96SEC21A 8888.
-1.98129375E+03 -7.57544222E+01
-1.32086250E+03 -7.52980703E+01
.
.
.
7.26474375E+03 7.80361819E+01
9999.
SEC21ACTOUTA .22 1.
R
A1 A2
CT model
primary
secondary
open
V-I Curve Measurement Simulation

5. Input File for V-I Curve Measurement Simulation
(one V-I point shown )

BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
.1E-3 .034 0. 0.
1000 1 1 1
C
LINE2ACTOUTA .001 1
C
C TRANSFORMER Model
$INCLUDE c:\papers\ct_ieee\vi\ct600.mod
C
BLANK
LINE1ALINE2A -1. .3
BLANK CARD ENDING SWITCH
14LINE1A 120. 60. 0. -1.
BLANK CARD ENDING SOURCE
CTOUTA
BLANK CARD ENDING NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT
BLANK

0.001 0.1 1 10 100
1
10
100
1000
Exciting Current [A]
Voltage [V]
A 600/5 A CT V-I Characteristic
(measured and simulated)
9.2
Digital Models of
Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers
CCVT

SDT
LC
C
C
PLC
HV Bus Bar
1
2
d
L
FSC
LP ZB
A CCVT Circuit Connection
HV
C
C
1
2
L
R
G
G
C
R
R L
L
R
G
R
C
L R
C
L
y
y
R
y
Z
1
2
d1
d1
d1
1
2
ps
p
r
2
s
3
b
h
T
F
F F
3
a
a
Cp
d1
C C
p
p
R
C
L
C
s
s
x
x
x
R
1
3
138kV
5kV/115V/66.4V
SW1
A 138 kV CCVT Design
2
1
C
C
HV
C
C
C
p
p
p
m m
C
C
R
L R
L
L R
b
R
FSC
Generic CCVT Model
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
Frequency [Hz]
Cc
higher
Cp
higher
Cp
smaller
Ce
higher smaller
Cc
smaller
G
a
i
n

[
d
b
]

Cc & Cp
neglected
CCVT Frequency Response
2
1
C
C
HV
C
C
C
p
p
p
m m
C
C
R L R L
L R
b
R
FSC
a) b) c)
A) FSC Circuit Diagram
B) FSC Digital Model (Lf represented as inductor)
C) FSC Digital Model (Lf represented as transformer)
Cf
Lf
Rf
Cf
Lf
Rf
Cf
Lf
Rf
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
F
S
C

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

[
O
]

10 100 1000
Frequency [Hz]
A
Cf
Lf
Rf
FSC Circuit Diagram
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
F
S
C

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

[
O
]

10 100 1000
Frequency [Hz]
A
B
Cf
Lf
Rf
FSC Digital Model
(Lf represented as inductor)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
F
S
C

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

[
O
]

10 100 1000
Frequency [Hz]
A
C
Cf
Lf
Rf
FSC Digital Model
(Lf represented as transformer)
Table 1. CCVT Data
PCA-5 CD-31B
C1 [pF] 5000 5000
C2 [pF] 80000 80000
Lc [H] 58.35 69
Cc [pF] 130 250
Rc [O] 228 685
Lp [H] 2.8 8.9
Cp [pF] 140 100
Rp [O] 400 830
Lm [kH] 51.4 46.6
Rm [MO] 1 1
LF [H] 0.7 0.88
CF [F] 9.6 8
RF [O] 37.5 40
Rb [O] 100 100
10 100 1000 10000
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
G
a
i
n

[
d
b
]

Frequency [Hz]
ATP
Simulation
Measurement
PCA-5 CCVT Frequency Response
(Measured vs. ATP Simulation)
2
1
C
C
HV
C
C
C
p
p
p
m m
C
C
R L R L
L R
b
R
FSC
C ABB PCA-5 CCVT
C FERRORESONANCE SUPPRESSION CIRCUIT
MIDDLE 40.
NDOTB COMMON 3620.
C
C STEP-DOWN TRANSF. MODELING
TRANSFORMER FD
.1 .035
9999.
C TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
01COMMONMIDDLE .02 .02 1.98
02MIDDLENDOTB .01 .01 1.
C
C
C COUPLING CAPACITOR
KINGB FRMIDB 37.7
C
C COMPENSATING REACTOR
FRMIDBFRINDB 228. 22.E3
FRMIDBFRINDB .0377
C
C STEP-DOWN TRANSF. MODELING
FRINDB .0565
TRANSFORMER FRIDNB 1.E+6
0.001421 13.7867
9999.
C TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
01FRINDB 400. 1130. 4658.
02NDOTB .001 .001 115.
C
CCVT Modeling

using

Transfer Function and Fitting Method
Single-Line-to-Ground Fault
(recorded at the CCVT secondary and Haefely divider)
Time Response of the 500 kV TEHM CCVT
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Frequency [Hz]
G
a
i
n

[
d
b
]

Frequency Response of the 500 kV TEHM CCVT
obtained from Measurements and
calculated using MATLAB
500 kV / 3
C1
C2
Cc
Lc, Rc
Cp
SDT
Load
Rp
Lp
Rs
Ls
115 V
500 kV TEHM CCVT Circuit Connection
adopted for ATP Modeling
Table 2. Estimated The 500 kV CCVT Parameters
C1
C2
Rc
Lc
Cc
SDT ratio
Rp
Lp
Cp
Rs
Ls
Load (assumed)
5210 pF
123050 pF
500 O
50.7 H
600 pF
11.73 kV/115 V
296 O
6.5 H
600 pF
1 mO
1 mH
100 O
10 100 1000 10000
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Frequency [Hz]
2
0
*
l
o
g
(
v
s
/
v
p
)

ATP Simulations of 500 kV TEHM CCVT
Frequency Response (frequency scan)
Voltage Transformer
Digital Models

n:1
Ideal
Transformer
Ls
Rp Lp
Cp
Rm Lm
Rs