Lesson 3. Wellbore Pressures

Dual Gradient Drilling
Basic Technology
by Hans C. Juvkam-Wold
Lesson 3
Wellbore Pressures
3. Wellbore Pressures Confidential to DGD JIP Slide 1 of 72
Contents
Static Pressures in a conventional wellbore Circulating Press. in a conventional wellbore Static Pressures in an DGD wellbore Circulating Pressures in DGD wellbores,

with and without Drillstring Valve (DSV) Pressure Profiles During a Connection Pressure Profiles when a Kick Occurs
3. Wellbore Pressures
Confidential to DGD JIP
Slide 2 of 72
Static Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore

0 Mud Weight = 15 lb/gal Gradient = 0.780 psi/ft
Same inside and outside the wellbore 10,000
0
PRESSURE, psi
7,800
Slide 3 of 72
Static Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore

0
Mud Weight = 15 lb/gal Gradient = 0.780 psi/ft Depth Pressure ft psi 0 1 2 3 10 100 1,000 2,000 3,000 5,000 10,000 0 0.78 1.56 2.34 7.8 78 780 1,560 2,340 3,900 7,800
Same inside and outside the wellbore 10,000
0
PRESSURE, psi
7,800
Slide 4 of 72
Static Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore (alternate view)

MW = 15 lb/gal Gradient = 0.780 psi/ft
7,800
Top of Drillpipe Bottom of Hole Top of Annulus
Drillstring 0
Annulus 20,000
Slide 5 of 72
10,000 Distance from Standpipe, ft

Circulating Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore SPP = ?

0
Drillstring Friction = 800 psi Pressure Across bit = 1,200 psi Annular Friction = 200 psi Mud Weight = 15 lb/gal
Drillstring & Annulus Static
Annulus Circulating 10,000
Drillstring Circulating
Bit 0
PRESSURE, psi
BHP = ?
Slide 6 of 72
Circulating Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore

SPP = 2,200 psi
( 800 + 1,200 + 200 = 2,200 )
Drillstring Friction = 800 psi Pressure Across bit = 1,200 psi Annular Friction (AFP) = 200 psi Mud Weight = 15 lb/gal
Static, DS & Annulus
Annulus 10,000 0
Drillstring
Circ. BHP = DPHYDRO + AFP = 7,800 + 200 = 8,000 psi
7,800
8,000
9,200 psi
PRESSURE, psi
Confidential to DGD JIP Slide 7 of 72
Circulating Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore (alt. view)

9,200 psi 7,800
MW = 15 lb/gal Bit
Circ. BHP = 8,000 psi
Static
2,200
Annulus 0 0
Drillstring

20,000
Slide 8 of 72
Static Pressures - DGD
Seawater Hydrostatic
BOP
DGD Mud Hydrostatic PRESSURE

Static Pressures Conventional vs. DGD
Seawater Hydrostatic
BOP
DGD Mud Hydrostatic

Conventional Hydrostatic PRESSURE
Static Pressures - DGD No DSV

Return Line Seawater
Drillstring Hydrostatic
BOP
DGD Mud: Drillstring and Annulus PRESSURE

U-tubing
Circulating
STATIC FLUID LEVEL
Static
BOP
Slide 12 of 72
What is Delta MW (DMW)?

= Mud hydrostatic - Seawater hydrostatic in the water column Seawater Hydrostatic = 0.052 * 8.6 * 10,000 = 4,472 psi Mud Hydrostatic in the water column = 0.052 * 15 * 10,000 = 7,800 psi
DMW = Difference in Hydrostatic = 7,800 - 4,472 = 3,328 psi

4,472 psi DMW = 3,328 psi Note that the U-Tube driving pressure is, typically, DMW - 50 psi
PRESSURE
Slide 13 of 72
Static Pressures in an DGD Wellbore

0 SW Density = 8.6 lb/gal Mud Weight = 16 lb/gal 10,000 What is the BHP ? 20,000
0
PRESSURE, psi
Example Calculation
Seawater hydrostatic
SW Density = 8.6 lb/gal Mud Weight = 16 lb/gal 10,000 What is the BHP ? 20,000
= 0.052 * 8.6 * 10,000 = 4,472 psi
Mud Hydrostatic
= 0.052 * 16 * 10,000 = 8,320 psi
BHP = 4,472 + 8,320

BHP = 12,792 psi
Example #2
If the 20,000-ft well discussed in the previous example were to be drilled conventionally, what mud weight would you use in order to achieve the same BHP? Hint: Use the same mud weight from top to bottom.
3. Wellbore Pressures Confidential to DGD JIP
p = 12,792 psi
Slide 16 of 72
Example #2 - Solution
BHP, p = 0.052 * MW * Depth
12,792 = 0.052 * MW * 20,000 MW = 12,792 / (0.052 * 20,000)
MW = 12.30 lb/gal
{ Note that (8.6 + 16.0) /2 = 12.30 } any comments?
p = 12,792 psi
Slide 17 of 72
Example #3
A new well is to be drilled using DGD.
Water depth is 8,000 ft. Depth BML is 19,000 ft. BHP is expected to be 20,000 psi. What DGD Mud weight will be required?
p = 20,000 psi
8,000
ML
19,000
Example #3 - Solution
At ML, p1 = 0.052 * Density * Depth ML Hydrostatic Pressure below the ML, p2 = 20,000 - 3,578 = 16,422 psi MW = 16,422 / (0.052 * 19,000) MW = 16.62 lb/gal p = 20,000 psi
8,000
p1 = 0.052 * 8.6 * 8,000 = 3,578 psi
19,000
Static Pressures - DGD (No DSV)
Return Line
Drillstring Hydrostatic
BOP
DGD Mud: Drillstring and Annulus PRESSURE

Static Pressures in DGD Wellbore No DSV (alternate view)

Drillstring BHP
Static Fluid Level in DP
Annulus
Static Pressure across the Mudlift Pump
Bottom of the Hole
0 0

20,000
Slide 21 of 72
Static Pressures - DGD (w / DSV)

Static Pressure across the Mudlift Pump
Return Line
Drillstring
BOP
Annulus PRESSURE
DSV
Slide 22 of 72
Circulating Pressures - DGD w / DSV
Return Line
BOP
Drillstring
MLP
Annulus PRESSURE
Bit + DSV
Slide 23 of 72
Circ. Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore (alternate view)

Drillstring Bit 7,800
Static
MW = 15 lb/gal
AFP
Annulus
0 0

20,000
Slide 24 of 72
Circ. Pressures in an DGD Wellbore (alternate view)

Drillstring Bit 7,800 MW = 15 lb/gal
AFP
Annulus
Static Conventional
MLP
0 0
Drillstring
Annulus 20,000
Slide 25 of 72

Factors Affecting Pressure Profile in Wellbore
Hydrostatics Friction
Drillpipe Annulus
(mud, water, gas, cement slurry)
Area Change Kick
(nozzle, tool joint, MWD Sub, etc.)
Hydrostatics (kick density lower than mud density) Kick Intensity

Effect of Hydrostatics on Wellbore Pressure Profile

0
Gas @ 1 lb/gal
Mud @ 12 lb/gal Water @ 8.6 lb/gal
Cement @ 16 lb/gal
10,000
0 520
4,472
6,240
8,320
Pressure, psi
Effect of Hydrostatics on Wellbore Pressure Profile

8,320
Drillstring
Mud @ 12 lb/gal
Annulus
Cement @ 16 lb/gal
6,240
4,472
Water @ 8.6 lb/gal 520 Gas @ 1 lb/gal

20,000
Slide 28 of 72
Effect of Friction on Pressure Profile in Conventional Wellbore

High Circ. Rate Bit
MW = 15 lb/gal
Medium Circ. Rate Higher circulation Rate means Higher Friction Loss
Static
0 0
Drillstring
Annulus 20,000
Slide 29 of 72

Dynamic Shut-in of Kick

(Stop Influx while Circulating)
When well kicks, MLP speeds up (pump is

controlled by constant pump inlet pressure)
Change pump from pressure control to rate

control. Slow down MLP to pre-kick rate
As a result the wellbore pressure increases

The kick is now under control SIDP can now be determined
until the influx stops (PWELLBORE = PFORMATION)
Slide 30 of 72
Subsea Mudlift Drilling System

FLOATER
Surface Pump: Constant Rate Mudlift Pump: Const. Inlet Press.

SEAFLOOR
~SEAWATER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE BOP MUDLIFT
10,000
30,000
KICK
What next??
Kick Detection and Control

700 Kick Detected - - Slow down Seafloor Pump
Circulation Rate, gal/min
690 680 Kick begins 670 SURFACE PUMP 660 650 640 -30 -20 -10 0 Time, minutes
SEAFLOOR PUMP
10
20
30
Influx has stopped and pressures have stabilized
3. Wellbore Pressures TM
Slide 33 of 72
700

Kick Detected - - Slow down Seafloor Pump Kick begins SEAFLOOR PUMP SURFACE PUMP
Circulation Rate, gal/min
690 680 670 660 650 640 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 T ime, minutes
3. Wellbore Pressures TM
Slide 34 of 72
Dynamic Underbalance
Dynamic Underbalance = required increase in BHP to stop influx while circulating
Total Underbalance = (conventional) SIDP = Dynamic Underbalance + AFP AFP = Annular Friction Pressure
Pressure Profile in Wellbore During a Connection (w/DSV)
Circulating - before connection During Connection - Rig Pump Stopped

- Annular Friction Pressure (AFP) is lost
During Connection Circulating

- Rig Pump Stopped
- Annular Friction Pressure (AFP) is applied at the MLP inlet
- after connection
Circulating Pressures Before Connection
Return Line Circulating

BOP
Annulus Circulating
PRESSURE
Static and Circulating Pressures in DGD

Static
BOP
Return Line Friction
Annulus Static
Annulus Circulating
PRESSURE
AFP
Slide 38 of 72
Static Pressures in DGD After Rig Pump is Stopped for Connection
Static
BOP
Annulus Static
PRESSURE
AFP
Slide 39 of 72
Static Pressures in DGD After Rig Pump is Stopped. AFP Applied at MLP to Avoid Chance of Kick
Static
BOP
Return Line Friction New Annulus - Static
Old Annulus - Static
PRESSURE
AFP
Slide 40 of 72
Circulating Pressures in DGD. Rig Pump is Restarted. AFP is Removed
Return Line - Circulating Static

BOP
Old Annulus - Static
New Annulus - Circulating
PRESSURE
AFP
Slide 41 of 72
Pressure Profile in Wellbore - Changes when a Kick Occurs
Drilling - before kick begins Kick in progress - no action taken yet Influx is stopped - kick is still near bottom Kick moves up the hole Top of kick is at mudline Bottom of kick is at mudline Kill mud is filling annulus Kill mud all the way
Static and Circulating Pressures in DGD - no Kick

Static
BOP
MLP
Annulus Static
Annulus Circulating
PRESSURE
AFP
Slide 43 of 72
Circulating Pressures in DGD - Kick in Progress - no Action

MLP Speeds Up - Automatically
Return Line w/Kick Return Line Before Kick

Extra Return Line Friction
BOP
Annulus Before Kick PRESSURE

Annulus w/Kick
Kick, 2.5 ppg
Slide 44 of 72
Slow Down MLP to Stop Influx - Kick Still Near Bottom

Kick at Bottom - 2.5 lb/gal kick fluid
Return Line
BOP
Hydrostatic Effect of Large Kick at Bottom
Annulus PRESSURE
Kick
Slide 45 of 72
Effect of Kick Intensity Wellbore Pressure Profile - Small Kick

Kick Intensity = 0.5 lb/gal = 0.052 * 0.5 * 10,000 = 260 psi
Return Line
BOP
8,000 Effect of Kick Intensity Small Kick
Annulus
18,000
PRESSURE
Effect of Kick Size and Intensity on Wellbore Pressures Profile

Kick still near Bottom - 2.5 lb/gal kick fluid
Return Line
BOP
Effect of Kick Intensity and Size
Annulus PRESSURE
Kick
Slide 47 of 72

Kick Halfway up Annulus - 2.2 lb/gal kick fluid
Return Line
Effect of Kick Intensity and Large Kick
BOP
Kick Annulus PRESSURE


Top of Kick at Mudline
Return Line
BOP
Kick ~ 1.8 lb/gal

Effect of Kick Intensity
Annulus PRESSURE
Slide 49 of 72

Bottom of Kick at Mudline
Return Line
BOP
Kick - 2.1 lb/gal

Annulus PRESSURE

Kick is Out of Hole
Return Line
BOP
Annulus PRESSURE
Effect of Kill Mud on Wellbore Pressures Profile

Kill Mud Totally Fills Hole
Return Line - Before Kick

Effect of Kill Mud
BOP
Annulus
PRESSURE
Effect of Kill Mud
Slide 52 of 72
Effect of Very Large Kick on Wellbore Pressures Profile

Return Line May need Surface Choke Annulus Filled with Gas Annulus PRESSURE
BOP
Pressure Profile in Wellbore During SIDP Measurement w/DSV
Static Conditions DSV Set at Exact Balance DSV Set ONE or TWO lb/gal above balance Pressure Profile when DSV opens How to interpret the results and determine
SIDP and Kick Intensity
Slide 54 of 72
Static Pressures - DGD (w / DSV) Exact Balance - no Kick

Return Line
Drillstring
BOP
Annulus PRESSURE
DSV
Slide 55 of 72
Static Pressures - DGD (w / DSV) - No Kick 0.052 * 1 * 10,000 = 520 psi

0.052 * 2 * 10,000 = 1,040 psi
Drillstring
DSV in Balance DSV + 1 lb/gal DSV + 2 lb/gal
BOP
10,000
Return Line
Annulus
30,000
PRESSURE
DSV
Slide 56 of 72
Static Pressures - DGD (w / DSV) 0.5 lb/gal Kick

0.052 * 0.5 * 20,000 = 520 psi
Drillstring
DSV in Balance
Return Line w/0.5 lb/gal kick
BOP
10,000
Annulus
30,000
PRESSURE
DSV
Slide 57 of 72
Static Pressures - DGD (w / DSV) 0.5 lb/gal Kick
0.052 * 1 * 10,000 = 520 psi 0.052 * 0.6 * 20,000 = 624 psi
BOP
10,000
Return Line
Drillstring DSV in Balance DSV @ 1 lb/gal DSV @ 1 lb/gal + 0.6 lb/gal kick
Annulus
30,000
PRESSURE
DSV
Slide 58 of 72
Measuring SIDP w/DSV

In the last example above, after a total shut-in, it takes 1,144 psi to open the DSV
The DSV is set for 1 lb/gal above balance

This accounts for 520 psi
0.052 * 1 * 10,000 = 520 psi
The remaining 624 psi corresponds to a kick intensity of 0.6 lb/gal 0.052 * 0.6 * 20,000 = 624 psi Conclusion: SIDP = 1,144 - 520 = 624 psi Kick Intensity = 0.6 lb/gal Increase mud weight by 0.6 lb/gal
Factors Affecting Pressure Profile in Wellbore
Hydrostatics (mud weight) (Drillstring & Ann.) Friction (circulation rate) (Drillstring & Ann.) Changed MLP Inlet Pressure (Drillstring & Ann.) Kick (Kick Intensity) (Drillstring & Ann. Kick (Hydrostatics) (Annulus) Area Change (e.g., nozzles) (Drillstring) DSV Setting (Drillstring)
SUMMARY of Wellbore Pressures - DGD (w / DSV)

Static Circulating Return Line
Drillstring
BOP
Annulus PRESSURE
DSV
Slide 61 of 72
Wellbore Pressures - Summary

Drillstring
Circulating Conventional
Annulus
Return Line
Circulating - DGD - No DSV Static DGD Static Conventional
ML
ML
0
Distance from Standpipe

Questions?
Static Pressures Circulating Pressures Kick Hydrostatic Kick Intensity Friction Delta MW (DMW) = ?
Dynamic Underbalance?
Subsea Mudlift Drilling

Basic Technology
by Hans C. Juvkam-Wold November 2000
The End

Lesson 3. Wellbore Pressures

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Lesson 3. Wellbore Pressures

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Dual Gradient Drilling

Confidential to DGD JIP

Static Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore

Same inside and outside the wellbore 10,000

Static Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore

Same inside and outside the wellbore 10,000

Static Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore (alternate view)

10,000 Distance from Standpipe, ft

Circulating Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore SPP = ?

Annulus Circulating 10,000

Circulating Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore

Circ. BHP = DPHYDRO + AFP = 7,800 + 200 = 8,000 psi

Circulating Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore (alt. view)

10,000 Distance from Standpipe, ft

Static Pressures - DGD

DGD Mud Hydrostatic PRESSURE

Static Pressures Conventional vs. DGD

DGD Mud Hydrostatic

Static Pressures - DGD No DSV

DGD Mud: Drillstring and Annulus PRESSURE

Confidential to DGD JIP

What is Delta MW (DMW)?

DMW = Difference in Hydrostatic = 7,800 - 4,472 = 3,328 psi

Confidential to DGD JIP

Static Pressures in an DGD Wellbore

= 0.052 * 8.6 * 10,000 = 4,472 psi

BHP = 4,472 + 8,320

12,792 = 0.052 * MW * 20,000 MW = 12,792 / (0.052 * 20,000)

p1 = 0.052 * 8.6 * 8,000 = 3,578 psi

Static Pressures - DGD (No DSV)

DGD Mud: Drillstring and Annulus PRESSURE

Static Pressures in DGD Wellbore No DSV (alternate view)

Bottom of the Hole

10,000 Distance from Standpipe, ft

Static Pressures - DGD (w / DSV)

Circulating Pressures - DGD w / DSV

Circ. Pressures in a Conventional Wellbore (alternate view)

10,000 Distance from Standpipe, ft

Circ. Pressures in an DGD Wellbore (alternate view)

10,000 Distance from Standpipe, ft

Factors Affecting Pressure Profile in Wellbore

(mud, water, gas, cement slurry)

Area Change Kick

(nozzle, tool joint, MWD Sub, etc.)

Hydrostatics (kick density lower than mud density) Kick Intensity

Effect of Hydrostatics on Wellbore Pressure Profile

Mud @ 12 lb/gal Water @ 8.6 lb/gal

Effect of Hydrostatics on Wellbore Pressure Profile

Water @ 8.6 lb/gal 520 Gas @ 1 lb/gal

10,000 Distance from Standpipe, ft

Effect of Friction on Pressure Profile in Conventional Wellbore

10,000 Distance from Standpipe, ft

Dynamic Shut-in of Kick

When well kicks, MLP speeds up (pump is

Change pump from pressure control to rate

As a result the wellbore pressure increases

until the influx stops (PWELLBORE = PFORMATION)

Subsea Mudlift Drilling System

Surface Pump: Constant Rate Mudlift Pump: Const. Inlet Press.

~SEAWATER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE BOP MUDLIFT

Kick Detection and Control

Circulation Rate, gal/min

Kick Detection and Control

Influx has stopped and pressures have stabilized