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Petroleum Energetics
Including Seawater
Agriculture
Dennis Bushnell
Chief Scientist
NASA Langley Research Center
The (Economic) Ages of
Humankind
• Hunter/Killer groups (~1 Million ~5K BC)
• Agriculture (~5K BC ~1850 AD)
• Industrial (~1850 AD ~1950 AD)
• Information/BIO/NANO(~1950 AD ~2030
AD)
• Virtual (~2030 ?)
•HunterGatherer “Nature Provided”
•Agriculture Controlled Nature
(Plants/Animals)
•Industrial Mechanized Agriculture
[180097% Farmers,Now2%]
•IT/BIO/Nano Automating
Industry/Agriculture
•Virtual Robotization of
IT/Bio/Nano/Industry/Agriculture
Humans Have “Taken Over” and Vastly
Shortened “Evolution”
[Human Engendered~E7 times “Natural”]
Of the Planet
Global Warming/Pollution/Deforestation
Huge “Public Works” (e.g. 3 Gorges
Dam)
Of the Human Species
Genomic Design and Repair
“Mind Children” (Moravec)
Products/Life Forms
Cross Species Molecular Breeding
“Directed Evolution” (Maxygen etc.)
Human Environment changing from
“Natural” [before],
to “Manmade” [Now]
To VIRTUAL [Evolving Future]
- CO2 levels are NOW greater
than at any time in the last
650,000 Years………
- Tundra Melting,Releasing
huge amounts of Methane…….
- European Gulf Stream
Heating reduced by 30%
[overlying fresh water from
melting glaciers?]…….
“Prevention of collapse of the
Ecosystem has now become
the overwhelming issue”
Unconventional -
Saline/Salt water
Agriculture a Viable-to-
Desirable Alternative to
Conventional
Agriculture
Saline/Seawater Agriculture
• Quasi-Conventional:
- For Food & Fodder
- “Reclaim”/Desalinate land via Biologics
• Unconventional
- For
Land,Water,Energy,Warming,Mineral
s,Food and Terra-Forming/enhanced
Rainfall i.e. STRATEGIC Not Tactical,
to Contribute to ALL the Major
Problems,not just food
Advantages of Seawater AG
Conservation via “Light Diodes”,Thermal
Diodes,CNT Computing,”TeleEverything”,
Fuel Cells,CNTenabled weight reductions
Worldwide IT Revolution
• Comms/Computing/Sensors/Electronics
• Factor of E07 since ’59 [Moores’ Law]
• Factor of E08 to E12 further
improvement [Silicon,Molecular/CNT,
Quantum, Bio, Optical]
• Beyond Human Machine Intelligence?
• Automatics/Robotics “in the large”
• Immersive multisensory VR/”Holodecks”
• Ubiquitous multi physics/hyperspectral
sensors [land/sea/air/space]
IMPACTS OF ONGOING IT
REVOLUTION UPON SOCIETY
• Work (at home telecommuting, reduced local/corporal
travel)
• Shopping (at home web based, (robotic?) delivery)
• Entertainment/leisure (at home immersive 3-D
interactive/multi-sensory via VR/holographic
projection)
• Travel (3-D/interactive/multi-sensory tele-travel)
• Education (at home low cost asynchronous, web based
on-demand, highly motivational, life-long distance
learning, .edu)
• Health (at home interactive tele-medicine)
• Politics (increased real-time virtual involvement of the
body politic)
• Commerce (tele-commerce already ubiquitous)
• Tele-Socialization, Tele -[onsite] Manufacturing
SOME IT “PREDICTIONS”
• Quantum computing initially
available in 5 years
• 15% of all power today is used by
computers, will reach 60% by 2020?
• Wearable/implantable (on-person)
electronics--comms, computing,
sensory augmentation, health
monitoring, brain stimulation
Global Warming “Solutions”
• Green Energy
• Conservation
• Genomic Biologics w/greatly increased
CO2 Uptake
• Trigger Calderas [Nascent Volcanoes],Put
massive amounts of dust in the
Atmosphere
• Nano-Particulates spread on the
monolayer of surfactant on the Oceans’
Surface to alter Albedo
• Gigantic reflective films/membranes in
orbit
• Seed Oceans with iron to provoke/enable
Phytoplankton Blooms
Nominal Power Densities
• ZPE……………………..E108 X Chemical
•AntiMatter/Positrons….. E10 X Chemical
• Fission/Fusion………….. E6 X Chemical
• Isomers…………………. E5 X Chemical
• SBER…………………… E2 X Chemical
• Hydrogen……………..……..38 KWH/Kg
• HC…………………………..14 “
• Advanced Flywheels………. .9 20? “
• Batteries………….. ………. .04 10? “
Energetics “Wild Cards” Being
Worked
• Solitons for Low Divergence Power Beaming
• Positron Storage as Positronium
• High Efficiency Plastic Nano PV
• 30%+ Thermo-Electrics
• High Efficiency [KW/KG] Fuel Cells
• “On-Site” H2 Generation vice Storage [Zinc,….]
• Room Temperature S-C
• Tapping ZPE
• Controlled Nuclear Isomer Release
• SMES with CNT Magnets
• Lithium Tantalate Crystals
Soliton Energy Transfer…..
• Solitons are waves in non-linear
systems which are non-
dispersive,”maintain amplitude”
• Utilized in optical communications
[information transfer],up to 1,000,000
Km thus far
• Physics evidently allows utilization for
Energy Transfer,Not yet accomplished
- Would change Energetics MUCH [DE
weaponry, SPSats, Beamed Energy
Propulsion,……]
First-Order Impacts of Nano
upon Energetics
[Improved Performance/Cost &
Requirement Reductions]
• Fuel Cells
• Photovoltaics
• H2 Storage [Casimir Forces?]
• Supercapacitors
• Batteries
• Structural dry weight reductions
[1/3rd-1/8th]
Hydrogen Sources
• Genomic Bio Photosynthesis
• “Artificial” Photosynthesis
• Electrolysis:
- Direct visible light Photo-Catalysis
- Plastic Nano PV Energy
- Bio Mass [Incl.Seawater Agric.] Energy
- Ocean Thermal,Wind Energy
- “Usual” Energy Sources [Hydro,Nuc,….]
• Reformation [JP,Methane,Ammonia….]
• Coal Gasification[w/H20]
• Sulfur-iodine Thermo-chemical Cycle
[w/H2O]
Hydrogen Storage
• Cryo [incl. Slush, Solid]
• CNT’s/Zeolites [Casimir Force
Optimization,Doping]] , CNT Structure
• CNT Pressure Vessels,
• Lithium Nitride,Graphite Nanofibers
• Ammonia,Ammonia Borane [PNNL]
• Methane,Gas Hydrates
• Porous Magnesium Alloys
• Titanium doped Hydrides
• Glass/Polymer Microspheres
• Metal/Organic Frameworks
[An] Outlook for H2
• Biologic H2 sources could provide a
“Green” H2 Supply
• H2 Infrastructure would take too long to
put in place [ compared to
warming/petroleum problem[s] time
scales] and is exceedingly expensive
• Hydrogen Storage is still nascent, Nano
Tech including Casimir Force Engineering
could “help”