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Focus
R&D for Space Power and
Propulsion
George H. Miley
Conclusions
Equations of Rocket Dynamics – two issues =
exhaust velocity and jet power
v
Rocket momentum equation
t
dv
m = −m vex
dt Constant power - Rocket
Exhaust on full blast
velocity
Variable exhaust velocity 1/ 3
Rocket energy equation
to match the 2
3 2 m s
time t f = profile
Flight acceleration 0
1 1 2 m
Pjet = m vex = m a vex
2
Pjet m − 1
0
2 2 1
m0 - m1 = propellant mass burnt on the outbound
Jet power 2
m1 µ µ
= q + D + q2 + D
m0 2 2
Specific jet power = Pjet / m
mD mF
(kW/kg) µD = , q=
m0 m0 + mF
Available from Other Propulsion
Options
7
10
Fusion
Exhaust velocity (m/s)
6
10 10 kW/kg
1 kW/kg
5 0.1 kW/kg
10
Nuclear
(fission)
Gas-core fission
electric
4
10 Nuclear
thermal
3 Chemical
10
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
10 10 10 10 10 1 10
Thrust-to-weight ratio
power 600
500
yyy (Gm)
400
300
Colliding-beams FRC: FIGURE 1. Image of 100 MWe IEC Fusion Powered Spacecraft with Ion Thruster Propulsion.
13 MT, 68 MW (UCI)
MTF: 80 MT, 4 GW IEC: ? MT, ? MW
(jet power)
1m
~ 20 m
5m
• Rundown Phase – J x B
force accelerates plasma
sheath down length of
anode
Reflection of Bremsstrahlung
Classical Heat
Transfer Analysis
formulated under
conditions of
thermonuclear
interest
(Kammash) used
to estimate wall
ablation and
temperatures
Plasma wall temperatures greatly exceed 106 K---
hence plasma forms at wall- Favorable to prevent
ablation and use Holhraum physics for reflectivity
Most severe
thermal
loading at
end of
discharge
when plasma
“dumped” on
wall
Laser used to
implode fuel pellet
Confinement Arises
because cavity
walls heat up and
becomes strong
emitter of soft x-ray
radiation
For numerical
modeling laser
replaced by
fictitious source of
x-rays inside cavity-
in our case this is
the p-Haan,
11
B reaction
S., “On Target Designing for Ignition,”
X-Ray Reemission Model
At t = 0 body is
brought into
contact with
thermal bath
For t > 0,
nonlinear wave
runs into
undisturbed
material
Heat wave
overtaken by
shockwave and
ablative heat
wave forms
ReemissionPakula,
flux R., and Sigel, R., Phys. Fluids 28, 232 (1985).
At a Bremsstrahlung Flux of 1013 W/cm2
the radiation is reflected ~10 times
before being lost
Radiation
reemission
increases with
incoming flux
10 reemissions
before being
lost appear
possible
Alternate concept - Reflective Multilayers
Provide Reflection over a Wide Energy
Range
Layer spacing
gradually
decreased as a
function of depth
Lower energy
photons reflected
at surface
Tungsten, Lead,
Carbides typically
used
Joensen, K.D., Nuc. Instr. and Methods in Phys. Research B, 132, pg. 221,
1997.
Multilayer Structures Provide
Superior Reflectivities over pure
Gold
Cutoff at in
performance 69.5 keV
Tungsten/ Silicon
Carbide successfully
reflect over 100 keV
(DPF photons > 200
keV)
Micro-projections anchor
filament locations
Filament spacing controllable in
Dielectric Barrier Discharges
(DBD)
Examples -
Xray source
The active area per cell was 144 cm2 and 15 cells were employed to provide a total stack active area of
2160 cm2.