McGraw-Hill/I rwin

Copyright 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, I nc. All rights reserved.

13-2
The WACC and Company
Valuation
The required rate of return on a firms projects
can be calculated using the weighted-average
cost of capital.

The weighted-average cost of capital (WACC)
is the after-tax return the company needs to earn
in order to satisfy all its security holders.
13-3
Company Cost of Capital
Company Cost of Capital
The opportunity cost of capital for the firms existing
assets. The minimum acceptable rate of return when
the firm expands by investing in average-risk projects.

Capital Structure
The mix of long-term debt and equity financing.
Used to value new assets that have the same risk
as the old ones.
13-4
Company Cost of Capital
The company cost of capital is a weighted average
of returns demanded by debt and equity investors.

13-5
Company Cost of Capital:
Example
Macrosoft, Inc. has issued long-term bonds with a present value
of $25 million and a yield of 8%. It currently has 12 million
shares outstanding, trading at $20 each, offering an expected
return of 14%. What is the firms cost of capital?
13-6
Weighted Average Cost of Capital
For proper valuation we must value the firms
after-tax cash flows.

Why is it important to account for taxes?
13-7
Weighted Average Cost of Capital
The WACC provides a firms after-tax cost of
capital.

(

equity debt c
r
V
E
+ )r T - (1
V
D
= WACC
Where:
T
c
= The firms tax rate

13-8
Calculating WACC
A firms WACC is calculated in 3 steps:

1. Calculate the value of each security as a proportion
of firm value.
2. Determine the required rate of return on each
security.
3. Calculate a weighted average of the after-tax return
on the debt and return on the equity.
13-9
Calculating WACC: Example
What is the WACC for a firm with $30 million in outstanding debt with a
required return of 8%, 8 million in equity shares outstanding trading at $15
each with a required return of 12%, and a tax rate of 35%?



1.
2.
3.
13-10
Calculating WACC
If there are 3 (or more) sources of financing, simply
calculate the weighted-average after-tax return of each
security type.

If the firm issues preferred stock:
(

Preferred equity debt c
r
V
P
+ r
V
E
+ )r T - (1
V
D
= WACC
13-11
Calculating WACC: Example
Consider a firm with $8 million in outstanding bonds, $15 million
worth of outstanding common stock, and $5 million worth of
outstanding preferred stock. Assume required returns of 8%, 12%,
and 10%, respectively, and a 35% tax rate.

1.
2.
3.
13-12
WACC and NPV
In our previous example, we calculated the
firms WACC to be 9.7%

Would NPV be positive or negative if:
We invested in a project offering a 9% return?
We invested in a project offering a 10% return?
We invested in a project offering a 9.7% return?
13-13
Measuring Capital Structure
When estimating WACC, use market values, not
book values.

Market Value of Debt
Present Value of all coupons and principal, discounted
at the current YTM.
Market Value of Equity
Market price per share multiplied by the number of
shares outstanding.

13-14
Measuring Capital Structure:
Example
If a firms bonds pay a 5% coupon and mature in 3 years, what is
their market value, assuming a 7% yield to maturity? Assume the
bond has a $1,000 par value.
13-15
Calculating Expected Returns
To calculate the WACC, we must first calculate the
rates of return that investors expect from each security.


Expected returns on bonds

Expected returns on common stock

Expected returns on preferred stock
13-16
Expected Return on Bonds

The risk of bankruptcy aside, the yield to
maturity represents an investors expected
return on a firms bonds.
13-17
Expected Return on Common
Stock
Estimating r
equity
using CAPM:
Example: A firms beta is 1.5, Treasury bills currently yield 4%, and
the long-run market risk premium is 8%. What is the firms cost of
equity?
13-18
Expected Return on Common
Stock
Estimating r
equity
using the DDM:
Example: A firms shares are trading for $45 per share. The firm is
expected to pay a $2 per share dividend annually. What is its
expected return on equity assuming a 9% constant growth rate?
13-19
Expected Return on Preferred
Stock
A preferred stock that pays a fixed annual
dividend is no more than a simple perpetuity.

13-20
Expected Return on Preferred
Stock: Example
If a share of preferred stock sells for $40 and it pays
a dividend of $3 per share, what is the expected
return on that share of stock?

13-21
WACC Pitfalls
The WACC is appropriate only for projects that have
the same risk as the firms existing business.

Upward/Downward Adjustments

Altering Capital Structure
Two costs of debt finance: Explicit and Implicit
13-22
Altering Capital Structure:
Example
What is the WACC for a firm with $100 million in debt
requiring a 6% return and $400 million in equity requiring a
10% return? Assume a tax rate of 35%.
What if the firm borrows an additional $150 million to retire
some of its shares, but investors now demand 12% on the debt?
13-23
Valuing Entire Businesses
We can treat entire companies like giant projects
and value them using the WACC.

Free Cash Flow
Cash flow that is not required for investment in
fixed assets or working capital and is therefore
available to investors.

13-24
Valuing Entire Businesses
H
H
H
H
firm
WACC
PV
WACC
FCF
WACC
FCF
WACC
FCF
PV
) 1 ( ) 1 (
...
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
2
1
1
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
=
13-25
Valuing Entire Businesses: Example
Use the following information to calculate the value of a
business that your firm is considering acquiring.
Firms WACC: 12.5%
Firms Cash Flows
$1 million FCF, years 1-4
$1.05 million FCF, year 5
5% growth after 4 years
13-26
Valuing Entire Businesses: Example
H
H
H
H
firm
WACC
PV
WACC
FCF
WACC
FCF
WACC
FCF
PV
) 1 ( ) 1 (
...
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
2
1
1
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
=