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Creativity involves two processes: thinking, then producing. Innovation is the production or implementation of an idea. If you have ideas, but dont act on them, you are imaginative but not creative. Linda Naiman Creativity is the process of bringing something new into beingcreativity requires passion and commitment. Out of the creative act is born symbols and myths. It brings to our awareness what was previously hidden and points to new life. The experience is one of heightened consciousnessecstasy.Rollo May, The Courage to Create A product is creative when it is (a) novel and (b) appropriate. A novel product is original not predictable. The bigger the concept, and the more the product stimulates further work and ideas, the more the product is creative.Sternberg & Lubart, Defying the Crowd.
Creativity in Theories
1. The Psychoanalytical Theory of Creativity
The main proponents of this theory include Freud, Jung, Kris, Rank, Adler, and Hammer; and the general argument is that people become creative in reaction to difficult circumstances or repressed emotions. For example, as Freud maintained, people repress memories of traumatic episodes or events, and the emotions related to these events are released through creative outlets. The theory also argues the following: 1. 2. 3. People are able to demonstrate creativity when they link the personal unconscious with the collective conscious. Regression precedes creativity. Feelings of inferiority contribute to creativity.
Arguably, however, other theorists maintain that the psychoanalytic theory lacks credence because it fails to take into consideration that people are both biological and social beings.
Creativity in Theories
2. The Mental Illness Theory of Creativity
The proponents of this theory include Briggs, Eisenman, Goodwin, Jamison, Richards, and Martindale; and the major tenet is that some type of mental illness is actually necessary in order for people to be creative, even if that illness is exceptionally mild. Studies have shown that the mental disorders most frequently associated with increased creativity are bipolar and manicdepressive syndromes, where sufferers undergo extreme mood swings that perhaps contribute to enhanced creative expression.
Its interesting to note that many other theorists argue that mental illness actually interferes with and even prevents creativity and while, granted, some highly creative individuals do suffer from some form of mental disorder, the majority of highly creative individuals do not suffer from any form of mental disorder at all.
Creativity in Theories
3. Eysenck's Theory of Psychoticism
The main proponent of this theory was the late Hans Eysenck, who argued that highly creative individuals possessed a quality termed "psychoticism", meaning a disposition for psychotic tendencies. Eysenck also maintained that these psychotic tendencies were the foundation for creative personalities, and he developed a word-association test to measure a persons psychoticism, with results correlated to form a continuum, ranging from psychotic through average and from conventional to highly social to altruistic.
Other theorists, however, for example, Rothenburg, disagreed with Eysenck and argued that his theory relied too heavily upon the results of the test he himself developed and, more seriously, that Eysenck had designed the test specifically to support his theory, which invalidated the results.
Creativity in Theories
4. The Addiction Theory of Creativity
The main proponents of this theory are Lapp, Collins, Izzo, Norlander, Gustafson, and Wallas; and its major tenet is that addiction, for example, to drugs and/or alcohol, contributes to and even causes creativity.
This theory, however, is not largely supported by the mainstream research community, but instead by independent researchers, as well as by some creative personalities who themselves suffer from addiction problems. In fact, Lapp, Collins, and Izzo conducted a placebo study with 114 male volunteers, giving half tonic water and half vodka, and found that the amount of alcohol consumed did not increase a persons creativity. (Dacey & Lennon, 1998)
On the other hand, it is interesting to note that the members of the study who simply thought they were intoxicated were the most creative of the entire group; and, in brief, although theorists have found there is often a correlation between addictive behavior and creativity, studies have not supported the argument that addiction either causes or contributes to creativity. (Dacey &Lennon, 1998)
Creativity in Theories
5. The Humanistic Theory of Creativity
The main supporters of this theory include Maslow, Rogers, and Fromm, though the theory is based mainly upon Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, maintains that humans have six basic needs that must be met in order for them to thrive and reach maximum potential.
Peoples lower needs, however, must be met in order for them to progress to the next highest level, and only upon reaching the uppermost level, self-actualization, where needs are related to purpose and identify, are they at last free enough and comfortable enough to express themselves creatively.
The supporters of this theory argue that environment is unimportant because even the most difficult of environments cannot hinder creativity if someone possesses the ability to self-actualize and, thus, obtain the highest level, where he or she can choose to be creative. In other words, people decide for themselves whether or not they will be creative. It's interesting to note that the humanistic theory is the one theory with which few people find fault, perhaps because it makes perfect sense that a person cannot concentrate upon creative endeavors unless his or her most basic and primal needs have first been met. (Harman & Rheingold, 1994)
Barriers to Creativity
The Seven main obstacles to creativity are:
1. Negativity
2. Fear of failure 3. Lack of quality thinking time 4. Over-conformance with rules and regulations 5. Making assumptions 6. Applying too much logic 7. Thinking you are not creative
Defining Motivation
Motivation represents forces acting within a person the causes a person to behave in a specific, goaldirected manner (Slocum and Hellriegel, 2007 p.392). The arousal, direction, and persistence of behaviour (Daft 2005 p.588). The willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual need (Robbins and Decenzo, 2004 p. 279).
Unsatisfied need
Tension
Drivers
Search behaviour
Satisfied need
An unsatisfied need creates tension that stimulates the drive within an individual to generate a search behaviour to fins particular goals, if attained, will satisfy the need and reduce the tension (Robbins and Decenzo, 2004 p.280).
Motivation
Content Theories Process Theories
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
Satisfaction
Motivation factors
No satisfaction
No dissatisfaction
Hygiene factors
dissatisfaction
Acquired-Needs Model
The basis of the model is that needs are acquired or learned from the life experiences in the culture in which we live (Lewis et at, 2007 p 381). The acquire needs model focuses on three important needs in the work environment:
1. 2. 3. Need for achievement (n-ach) Need for power (n-pow) Need for affiliation (n-affil)
Acquired-needs model
n-ach the drive to excel, to accomplish, and to achieve a standard of excellence.
n-pow the need to influence and control ones environment; may involve either personal power or institutional power. n-affil the need for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
Implication
Acquired-need model provides managers with the understanding of the underlying needs that motivate people to behave in certain ways. This model does not explain why people choose a particular way of behaviour.
ERG THEORY
A theory of human motivation that focuses on three groups of needs that form a hierarchy: existence needs relatedness needs growth needs The theory suggests that these needs change their position in the hierarchy as circumstances change.
Equity Theory
A process theory that focuses on individuals perception of how fairly they are treated relative to others.
A situation that exists when the ratio of one persons outcome to input equals that of another person. Input an individuals contribution or effort Output what an individual receives from his or her contribution or effort
Expectancy theory
Expectancy Probability that effort will lead to desired performance
Individual effort
Performance
Outcome
Expectancy theory is base on a relationship between effort and performance. A great individual effort should lead to high performance, which should result in the desired out. If the outcomes that available from high effort and high performance and are not attractive, the individual motivation will be low.
Expectancy The probability that performance will produce the desired outcome
Goal Setting
Goal: What an individual is trying to accomplish through his or her behavior and actions. Goal Setting Theory: A theory that focuses on identifying the types of goals that are most effective in producing high levels of motivation and performance and why goals have these effects. Goal setting can operate to enhance both intrinsic motivation (in the absence of any extrinsic rewards) and extrinsic motivation (when workers are given extrinsic rewards for achieving their goals).
Google
Google offices all over the world are Willy Wonka-esque everything from a slide in Zurich (pictured left) to a climbing wall in Boulder and an indoor bike lane in the Netherlands. The idea is to keep people being creative and collaborative. If an employee has to drive off campus for lunch, theyre not interacting and innovating with their coworkers. They also have whats called 20 Percent Time, where employees get to spend 20 percent of their time working on a project based on whatever theyre passionate about. Thats where Gmail and Google News both came from.
NIIT
At NIIT, compatibility and competence go hand in hand to strike a unique balance. 'EMPLOYEE' is a taboo word at the Gurgaonheadquarterd learning solutions firm NIIT. All professionals working with the company are referred to as NIITians. Chief Executive Officer Vijay K Thadani feels the company has consciously stayed away from using the terms 'employee' and 'employer' as they create a divide.
Marriot
With a sure-footed ability to grow talent from within, Marriott beats industry attrition. Marriott follows some endearing human resource practices, like treating even junior associates (the internal term for employees) to a one-night stay in a Marriott hotel on their birthdays, with their families. It makes for a great birthday present and has the added advantage of giving the youngsters a feel of what it's like to be on the other side of the table, as a guest.