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Air conditioning is the treatment of the air to:

Control temperature Control Humidity Provide ventilation or air movement Clean the air

An air conditioner is an appliance, system, or mechanism designed to extract heat from an area using a refrigeration cycle. In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC".
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Other definition Air conditioning is the process to control and maintenance the air in space or enclosed areas. Mechanical treatments performed on the temperature, humidity, air renewal, cleanliness and distribution of air to achieve the requirements and functions of an item. Air Conditioning is the process of treating air in an internal environment to establish and maintain requirement standards of temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and motion.

Heating, ventilating , and air conditioning (HVAC) is based on the basic principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer.

In the broadest sense air conditioning can refer to any form of cooling. Heating, ventilation or disinfection that modifies the condition or air, typically for thermal comfort. The more common use of air conditioning is to mean cooling and often dehumidification of indoor air, typically via refrigeration. The most common uses modern air conditioners are for comfort cooling in buildings and transportation vehicles. Its purpose, in the home or in the car, is to provide comfort during either hot or cold weather.
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Basic principles are based on mass characteristic with temperature, heat and pressure

ASHRAE STANDARD definition:


Is the treatment of air in enclosed space to control and to maintain temperature, heat and pressure together
Air conditioning is the process whereby the condition of air, as defines by its temperature an moisture content, is changed. Other factors must also be taken into account especially cleanliness; odor; velocity & distribution pattern.
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A fan circulates room air through the EVAPORATOR, which contains lowpressure refrigerant Evaporation of the refrigerant cools the tubes refrigerant cools the tubes and fins, extracting heat from the air and causing moisture in the air to condense on the evaporators outer surface. The cooler. Drier air is returned to the room, and the gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator is drawn into the COMPRESSOR where mechanical compression raises its temperature and pressure. The hot, high pressure refrigerant passes through the CONDENSER, where it loses heat to outdoor air(which is blown over it with a second fan ) and condenses. The high-pressure liquid refrigerants passes through a restriction and into the low pressure side of the circuit, and the entire process is repeated.
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Evaporator (The cooling coil)A heat exchanger where the heat from the area or item being cooled is transferred to the refrigerant Compressor creates the pressure differences in the system needed to make refrigerant flow and the refrigeration cycle work. Condenser A heat exchanger where the heat absorbed by the refrigerant is transferred to the cooler outdoor air or another cooler substance. Expansion device (The expansion valve) provides a pressure drop that lowers the boiling point of the refrigerant just before it enters the evaporator. This is also known as the metering device.
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The high pressure superheated gas is cooled in several stages in the condenser.

CONDENSOR

High Pressure Side

Liquid passes through expansion device, which reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the evaporator.

Expansion Device

Compressor

The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised.

EVAPORATOR
Low pressure liquid refrigerant in evaporator absorbs heat and changes to a gas

Low Pressure Side

The major pieces of equipment required to complete the airconditioning cycle are listed as follows: fan supply ducts supply outlets space to be conditioned return outlets return ducts filter heating coil (combustion chamber) or cooling coil
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The Fan
The fan moves air to and from an enclosed space. In an air-conditioning system, fan moves air that consists of: all outdoor air all indoor or room air a combination of outdoor and indoor air The fan pulls air from the outdoor and from the room at the same time. Since drafts in the room cause discomfort, and poor air movement slows the body heat rejection process, it is necessary to regulate the amount of air supplied by the fan. To accomplish this regulation a fan is selected that can deliver the correct amount of air. By controlling the speed of the fan, the air stream in the room can be regulated to provide good circulation without drafts.
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The supply duct


The supply duct directs the air from the fan to the room. A typical duct arrangement is shown below. The supply duct should be as short as possible and have a minimum number of turn to ensure that the air can flow freely.

Supply Duct
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Supply Outlets Supply outlets help to distribute the air evenly in a room. Some outlets fan the air and other outlets direct the air in a jet stream. Still other outlets combine these actions. As a result of these actions, the outlets are able to exert some control on the direction of the air delivered by the fan. This directional control plus the location and the number of outlets in the room contribute greatly to the comfort or discomfort resulting from the air pattern.

Room Space
The room or the space to be conditioned is one of the most important parts of the air cycle. If an enclosed space does not exist, then it is impossible to complete the air cycle. This is due to the fact that the conditioned air from the supply outlets simply flows into the atmosphere. In fact, the material and the quality of workman- ship used to enclose the space are also important since these factors help to control the loss of heat or cold that is confined in the enclosed space.
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Return Outlets
As stated previously, return outlets allow room air to enter the return duct. The main function of the return outlet is to allow air to pass from the room. These outlets are usually located on the opposite wall from the supply outlet. For example, if the supply duct is on the ceiling, or on the wall near the ceiling, then the return duct may be located on the floor or on the wall near the floor.

This situation is not true in all installations, however. Some systems are provided with both the supply and the return near the floor or near the ceiling.

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Filters Filters clean the air by removing dust, suspended particles, contaminants and odours. Filters are located within the return air duct. These devices are made of many materials including spun glass and composition plastic. Other filter materials maintain an electrostatic charge, and attract and capture dust and dirt particles from the air flowing through them. There are 4 classification for filters: i. Dry ii. Viscous Electrostatic Filteriii. Electrostatic very expensive, extremely efficient iv. Activated Carbon
Viscous Filter comprise rows of corrugated metal sheets with surface coated in a non-flammable, non toxic odourless oil. Activated Carbon Filter- location in cooker hood. Very absorbent and special design for use in greasy and odours atmosphere.
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of removing fine particles, pollens, smoke.

Dry Filter- produced from paper, fine woven fabric, foamed plastic or glass fibers.

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Performance requirements On comfort, noise, control options, flexibility and meeting requirements of local regulations/codes Capacity requirements Range of capacity, multiple units, zoning, etc. Spatial requirement Plant room space, space for ducting and piping (vertical shafts), space for terminal equipment Costs Initial cost, operating cost and maintenance cost Energy consumption For both economic and environment reasons System qualities Aesthetics, life, reliability and maintainability
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JENIS-JENIS SISTEM PENYAMAN UDARA


AC sytem

Water and air cooling

Unit System

Window Unit Package Unit

Air cooling

Water cooling

Split unit

Split unit without outdoor air

Centralized system

Split unit with outdoor air

Plant system

Air Handling unit

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e. Unit systems i) Split system In split system, the condenser and compressor are located in an outdoor unit but the evaporator is located inside the building. Typically, the evaporator is mounted in the air handler unit. Packaged System In a packaged system, as the name suggests, all components the condenser, the compressor and the evaporator are located in a single outdoor unit. The entire unit is generally located on the ground or on the roof. Packaged systems are generally used when there is limited space.

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A split air conditioner splits the hot side from the cold side system, like this:

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With the packaged system, all the components which may also include heating coils or a furnace , are located in a single cabinet The cabinet is located on the roof of the structure or on the concrete slab next to the structures foundation.

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iii. Window unit Window units (also known as room units), are designed to air condition a portion of the residence. The capacity of such a unit is designed so that a given unit size is adequate to condition one room. Thus, a unit in a larger size is satisfactory for more than one room. If the unit is to be used for more than one room; however, the arrangement of the rooms must insure good airflow. Although a unit may be designed to air condition only one room, several window units can be used to air condition an entire residence. In fact, it is possible to air condition an entire multi-room commercial building using window units.
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1. Comfort conditions are maintained in every room in the house. 2. A central automatic control points is provided. 3. Since the cooling and heating equipment is installed in one location rather than several locations, the maintenance of the system is easier. 4. Better air distribution. 5. One of the major differences between central systems and window units is the higher equipment and installation cost of the central system. 6. Efficient air circulation 7. Improve your indoor air quality. 8. Level of indoor noise is almost negligible (system the condenser, including the fan and the compressor, is located in an outdoor unit)
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A separate temperature control is provided in each room or area in which a unit is installed. Ducts are not required. This advantage is especially noticeable in residences in mild climates where central heating systems are not required. The advantage may not apply in cooler regions where duct systems are necessary for winter heating, regardless of the summer requirements. Plumbing is not required. The installation of the unit is simple; therefore, changes in the construction of the residence usually are not required. Some types of window units are fitted with heating coils and can be used a; supplementary sources of heat.

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The unit requires space in a window/wall. In general, the unit has a fixed air quantity. The installation must be made on an outside wall. Appearance may be a factor.

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