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o
i
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1
R
1
R
1
R
5O
5O
-
+
I
S
.
E
|I
1
U
1
+
-
U
o
vi
t
t
1
t
2
0
Both the polarity and magnitude of voltage are changing.
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Radian frequency(Angular frequency): e = 2tf = 2t/T (rad/s
Period: T Time necessary to go through one cycle. (s)
Frequency: f Cycles per second. (Hz)
f = 1/T
Amplitude: V
m
I
m
i = I
m
sinet v =V
m
sinet
vi
et
t 2t 0
V
m
I
m
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Effective Roof Mean Square (RMS) Value of a Periodic
Waveform is equal to the value of the direct current which is
flowing through an R-ohm resistor. It delivers the same average
power to the resistor as the periodic current does.
R I Rdt i
T
T
2
0
2
1
=
}
Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform
}
=
T
eff
dt i
T
I
0
2
1
2 2
1
2
2 cos 1
sin
1
2
0
2
0
2 2
m
m
T
m
T
m eff
I T
I
T
dt
t
T
I
tdt I
T
I = =
= =
} }
e
e
2
1
0
2
m
T
eff
V
dt v
T
V = =
}
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Phase (angle)
( ) e + = t I i
m
sin
( )
sin
0 m
I i =
Phase angle
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
<0
>0
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
) sin(
1
e + = t V v
m
4.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Phase difference
2 1 2 1
) ( e e = + + = = A t t
i v
0
2 1
> = A v(t) leads i(t) by (
1
-
2
), or i(t) lags v(t) by (
1
-
2
)
) sin(
2
e + = t I i
m
2
2 1
t
= = A
vi
et
v
i
t = = A
2 1
Out of phase
et
vi
v
i
vi
et
v
i
0
2 1
= = A
In phase.
0
2 1
< = A
v(t) lags i(t) by (
2
-
1
), or i(t) leads v(t) by (
2
-
1
)
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Review
The sinusoidal waves whose phases are compared must:
Be written as sine waves or cosine waves.
With positive amplitudes.
Have the same frequency.
360 does not change anything.
90 change between sin & cos.
180 change between + & -
2
sin cos cos
3 2
cos sin
2
t
u u t u
t
u u
| | | |
- = + =
| |
\ . \ .
| |
- = +
|
\ .
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Phase difference
P4.1,
( )
\
|
+
3
sin
t
et V
m
|
.
|
\
|
3
sin
t
et I
m
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.2 Phasors
Key Words:
Complex Numbers
Rotating Vector
Phasors
A sinusoidal voltage/current at a given frequency , is
characterized by only two parameters :amplitude an phase
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.2 Phasors
E.g. voltage response
A sinusoidal v/i
Complex transform
Phasor transform
By knowing angular
frequency rads/s.
Time domain
Frequency domain
( ) { }
e
R v t
Complex form:
( ) ( )
cos
m
v t V t e = +
Phasor form:
( )
( ) j t
m
v t V e
e +
=
Angular frequency is
known in the circuit.
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
Z = | |
m
V V
Z = | |
m
V V
4.2 Phasors
Rotating Vector
( ) e + = t I t i
m
sin ) (
i
I
m
et
1
i
et
I
m
et
x
y
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
max
cos sin
sin
j t
m m m
j t
m m
I e I t jI t
i t I t I I e
e
e
e e
e
+
+
= + + +
= + =
A complex coordinates number:
Real value:
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
i(t
1
)
Imag
4.2 Phasors
Rotating Vector
V
m
x
y
0
e
) sin( e + = t V v
m
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.2 Phasors
Complex Numbers
jb a A + =
Rectangular Coordinates
( ) sin cos j A A + =
j
e A A = Polar Coordinates
j
e A A jb a A = + =
conversion 2 2
b a A + =
a
b
arctg =
jb a e A
j
+
cos A a =
sin A b =
a
b
real axis
imaginary axis
j j j e
j
= = =
0 90 sin 90 cos
90
Phasor Diagrams
A phasor diagram is just a graph of several phasors
on the complex plane (using real and imaginary axes).
A phasor diagram helps to visualize the relationships
between currents and voltages.
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
) sin( ) cos(
) (
e e
e e
+ + + = =
+
t A j t A e A Ae
t j t j
4.2 Phasors
Complex Exponentials
j
e A A =
) cos( | | } Re{ e
e
+ = t A Ae
t j
A real-valued sinusoid is the real part of a complex exponential.
Complex exponentials make solving for AC steady state an
algebraic problem.
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Key Words:
I-V Relationship for R, L and C,
Power conversion
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
v~i relationship for a resistor
_
v
i
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1
R
1
R
1
R
5O
5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E
|I
1
U
1
+
-
U
o
o
t I t
R
V
R
v
i
m
m
e e sin sin = = =
t V v
m
e sin =
Relationship between RMS:
R
V
I =
Wave and Phasor diagrams
vi
et
v
i
I
V
R
V
I
=
Resistor
Suppose
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Time domain frequency domain Resistor
With a resistor , v(t) and i(t) are in phase .
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
) cos( ) (
) cos( ) (
|
u
+ =
+ =
wt I t i
wt V t v
m
m
I R V
RI V
e RI e V
e RI e V
m m
j
m
j
m
wt j
m
wt j
m
=
Z = Z
=
=
+ +
| u
| u
| u ) ( ) (
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Power Resistor
_
v
i
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1
R
1
R
1
R
5O
5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E
|I
1
U
1
+
-
U
o
o p>0
t I t V vi p
m m
e e sin sin = =
t V I
m m
e
2
sin =
( ) t
V I
m m
e 2 cos 1
2
= t IV IV e 2 cos =
vi
et
v
i
P=IV
}
=
T
pdt
T
P
0
1
( )
}
= =
T
VI dt t VI
T
0
2 cos 1
1
e
R
V
R I IV P
2
2
= = =
Average Power
Transient Power
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
Note: I and V are RMS values.
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Resistor
P4.4 , R=10OFind i and P
t v 314 sin 311 =
( ) V
V
V
m
220
2
311
2
= = =
( ) A
R
V
I 22
10
220
= = =
t i 314 sin 2 22 = ( ) W IV P 4840 22 220 = = =
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
v~i relationship Inductor
dt
di
L v v
AB
= =
( )
t L I
dt
t I d
L
dt
di
L v
m
m
e e
e
cos
sin
= = =
( )
90 sin + = t L I
m
e e
( )
90 sin + = t V
m
e
}
=
t
vdt
L
i
1
} }
+ =
t
vdt
L
vdt
L
0
0
1 1
}
+ =
t
vdt
L
i
0
0
1
t I i
m
e sin = Suppose
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
v~i relationship Inductor
( )
90 sin + = t L I
m
e e
dt
di
L v =
( )
90 sin + = t V
m
e
L I V
m m
e =
Relationship between RMS: L I V e =
L
V
I
e
=
fL L X
L
t e 2 = = ( ) O
For DCf = 0X
L
= 0.
f X
L
v(t) leads i(t) by 90, or i(t) lags v(t) by 90
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
v ~ i relationship Inductor
) ( ) ( t Li j Le j I
dt
di
L t v
t j
m
e e
e
= = =
i(t) = I
m
e
jet
Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors: I L j V
e =
L
jX
V
L j
V
I
= =
e
The derivative in the relationship between v(t) and i(t) becomes a
multiplication by je in the relationship between and .
The time-domain differential equation has become the algebraic equation in the
frequency-domain.
Phasors allow us to express current-voltage relationships for inductors and
capacitors in a way such as we express the current-voltage relationship for a
resistor.
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
V
L
X I j V
=
Wave and Phasor diagrams
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Power Inductor
vi p =
( ) t I t V
m m
e e sin 90 sin
+ = t t I V
m m
e e sin cos =
t
I V
m m
e 2 sin
2
= t VI e 2 sin =
P
et
vi
et
v
i
+ +
- -
2 2
max
2
1
LI LI W
m
= =
2
0 0
2
1
Li Lidi vidt W
i t
= = =
} }
Energy stored:
} }
= = =
T T
tdt VI
T
pdt
T
P
0 0
0 2 sin
1 1
e
Average Power
Reactive Power
L
L
X
V
X I IV Q
2
2
= = =
Var
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Inductor
P4.5L = 10mHv = 100sinetFind i
L
when f = 50Hz and 50kHz.
( ) O = = =
14 . 3 10 10 50 2 2
3
t tfL X
L
( )
( ) ( )A t t i
A
X
V
I
L
L
90 sin 2 5 . 22
5 . 22
14 . 3
2 / 100
50
=
= = =
e
( ) O = = =
3140 10 10 10 50 2 2
3 3
t tfL X
L
( )
( ) ( )mA t t i
mA
X
V
I
L
L
k
90 sin 2 5 . 22
5 . 22
14 . 3
2 / 100
50
=
= = =
e
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
v ~ i relationship Capacitor
_
v
i
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1
I
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E
|I
1
U
1
+
-
U
o
o
C
dt
dv
C
dt
dq
i = =
t V v
m
e sin = Suppose:
( )
90 sin cos + = = t CV t CV i
m m
e e e e ( )
90 sin + = t I
m
e
} } } }
+ = + = =
t t t
idt
c
v idt
c
idt
c
idt
c
v
0
0
0
0
1 1 1 1
i(t) leads v(t) by 90, or v(t) lags i(t) by 90
Relationship between RMS:
C
X
V
C
V
CV I = = =
e
e
1
( ) O
fC C
X
C
t e 2
1 1
= =
For DCf = 0 X
C
f
X
C
1
m m
CV I e =
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
_
v
i
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1
I
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E
|I
1
U
1
+
-
U
o
o
C
v(t) = V
m
e
jet
Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors:
C
jX
V
V C j I
-
= = e
The derivative in the relationship between v(t) and i(t) becomes a
multiplication by je in the relationship between and .
The time-domain differential equation has become the algebraic equation in the
frequency-domain.
Phasors allow us to express current-voltage relationships for inductors and
capacitors much like we express the current-voltage relationship for a resistor.
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
v ~ i relationship Capacitor
t j
m
t j
m
e CV j
dt
e dV
C
dt
t dv
C t i
e
e
e = = =
) (
) (
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
V
C
X I j V
=
Wave and Phasor diagrams
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Power Capacitor
Average Power: P=0
Reactive Power
C
C
X
V
X I IV Q
2
2
= = = Var
( )
90 sin sin + = = t I t V vi p
m m
e e
t VI t
I V
m m
e e 2 sin 2 sin
2
= =
P
et
vi
et
v
i
+ +
- -
Energy stored:
} } }
= = = =
t v v
Cv Cvdv dt
dt
dv
C v vidt W
0 0
2
0
2
1
2 2
max
2
1
CV CV W
m
= =
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Capacitor
P4.7Suppose C=20FAC source v=100sinetFind
X
C
and I for
f = 50Hz, 50kHz
O = = = = 159
2
1 1
Hz 50
fC C
X f
c
t e
A 38 . 1
2
= = =
c
m
c
X
V
X
V
I
( ) O = = = = 159 . 0
2
1 1
KHz 50
fC C
X f
c
t e
( ) A 1380
2
= = =
c
m
c
X
V
X
V
I
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Review (v-I relationship)
Time domain Frequency domain
i R v = I R V
=
I
C j
V
=
e
1
I L j V
= e
dt
di
L v
L
=
dt
dv
C v
C
=
C
X
C
e
1
=
L X
L
e =
,
,
, v and i are in phase.
, v leads i by 90.
, v lags i by 90.
R
C
L
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Summary
R
R X
R
= 0 = A
L
f fL L X
L
= = t e 2
2
t
= = A
i v
C
f fc c
X
C
1
2
1 1
= =
t e
2
t
= = A
i v
IX V =
Frequency characteristics of an Ideal Inductor and Capacitor:
A capacitor is an open circuit to DC currents;
A Inducter is a short circuit to DC currents.
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.4 Impedance
Key Words:
complex currents and voltages.
Impedance
Phasor Diagrams
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
AC steady-state analysis using phasors allows us to express the
relationship between current and voltage using a formula that looks
likes Ohms law:
4.4 Impedance
Complex voltage Complex current Complex Impedance
v m
j
m
V e V V
v
Z = =
i m
j
m
I e I I
i
Z = =
Z = = = =
Z e Z e
I
V
I
V
Z
j j
m
m
i v
) (
Z I V
= Z is called impedance.
measured in ohms (O)
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
Z = = = =
Z e Z e
I
V
I
V
Z
j j
m
m
i v
) (
= =
e e
t
2
1
)
2
(
t
= = A
i v
or
90
1
Z =
C
Z
C
e
CapacitorThe impedance is 1/jeC
L
j
L
jX L j Le Z = = = e e
t
2
)
2
(
t
= = A
i v
or
90 Z = L Z
L
e
InductorThe impedance is jeL
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
Impedance in series/parallel can be combined as resistors.
_
U
U
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1
Z
1
5O
5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E
o
|I
1
+
U
1
+
-
|
Z
2
Z
n
o
I
=
= + + + =
n
k
k n
Z Z Z Z Z
1
2 1
...
_
U
S
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1
I
1
R
1
R
1
Z
n
5O
5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
U
1
+
-
U
o
Z
2
Z
1
o
=
= + + + =
n
k k n
Z Z Z Z Z
1 2 1
1 1
...
1 1 1
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
1
Z Z
Z
I I
Z Z
Z
I I
+
=
+
=
Current divider:
=
=
n
k
k
i
i
Z
Z
V V
1
Voltage divider:
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
_
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E
-
|I
1
+
U
1
+
-
|
I
1
V
+
I
o
o
1
I
Z
1
Z
2
Z
-
P4.8,
( )
2 1 2 1
2
2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 1
ZZ Z Z ZZ
Z V
I
ZZ Z Z ZZ
Z Z V
Z Z
Z
V
I
Z Z
Z
I I
+ +
=
+ +
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
+
=
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
Phasors and complex impedance allow us to use Ohms law with
complex numbers to compute current from voltage and voltage
from current
20kO
+
-
1F 10V Z 0
V
C
+
-
e = 377
Find V
C
P4.9
How do we find V
C
?
First compute impedances for resistor and capacitor:
Z
R
= 20kO = 20kO Z 0
Z
C
= 1/j (377 *1F) = 2.65kO Z -90
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
20kO
+
-
1F 10V Z 0
V
C
+
-
e = 377
Find V
C
P4.9
20kO Z 0
+
-
2.65kO Z -90
10V Z 0
V
C
+
-
Now use the voltage divider to find V
C
:
Z =
Z
Z
Z =
46 . 82 V 31 . 1
54 . 7 17 . 20
90 65 . 2
0 10V
C
V
)
0 20 90 65 . 2
90 65 . 2
( 0 10
Z O + Z O
Z O
Z =
k k
k
V V
C
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.4 Impedance
Impedance allows us to use the same solution techniques
for AC steady state as we use for DC steady state.
All the analysis techniques we have learned for the
linear circuits are applicable to compute phasors
KCL & KVL
node analysis / loop analysis
superposition
Thevenin equivalents / Norton equivalents
source exchange
The only difference is that now complex numbers are
used.
Complex Impedance
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.4 Impedance
Kirchhoffs Laws
KCL and KVL hold as well in phasor domain.
KVL
0
1
=
=
n
k
k
v
v
k
- Transient voltage of the
#
k branch
0
1
=
=
n
k
k
V
KCL: 0
1
=
=
n
k
k
i
0
1
=
=
n
k
k
I
i
k
- Transient current of the
#
k branch
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.4 Impedance
Admittance
I = YV, Y is called admittance, the reciprocal of
impedance, measured in siemens (S)
Resistor:
The admittance is 1/R
Inductor:
The admittance is 1/jeL
Capacitor:
The admittance is j e C
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.4 Impedance
Phasor Diagrams
A phasor diagram is just a graph of several phasors on the complex
plane (using real and imaginary axes).
A phasor diagram helps to visualize the relationships between currents
and voltages.
2mA Z 40
1F
V
C
+
1kO
V
R
+
+
V
I = 2mA Z 40, V
R
= 2V Z 40
V
C
= 5.31V Z -50, V = 5.67V Z -29.37
Real Axis
Imaginary Axis
V
R
V
C
V
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Key Words:
RLC Circuit,
Series Resonance
Parallel Resonance
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
v
+v
R
+v
L
+v
C
C L R
v v v v + + =
C L R
V V V V
+ + =
Phasor
A
I
L
V
C
V
R
V
IZ
X R I
X X R I
IX IX IR
V V V V
C L
C L
C L R
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
) (
) ( ) (
) (
C L
X X X = (
2 2
X R Z + =
2 2
)
1
(
c
L R
e
e + =
(2nd Order RLC Circuit )
Series RLC Circuit
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
(2nd Order RLC Circuit )
2 2
X R Z + =
2 2
)
1
(
c
L R
e
e + = IZ V V V V
C L R
= + =
2 2
) (
Z
X = X
L
-X
C
R
V
R
V
C L X
V V V
+ =
R
X X
arctg
V
V V
arctg
C L
R
C L
=
=
-
Phase difference:
X
L
>X
C
>0v leads i by Inductance Circuit
X
L
<X
C
<0v lags i by Capacitance Circuit
X
L
=X
C
=0v and i in phaseResistors Circuit
Series RLC Circuit
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
(2nd Order RLC Circuit )
C L R
V V V V
+ + =
C L
X I j X I j R I
+ =
Z I jX R I X X j R I
C L
= + = + = ) ( )] ( (
) (
C L
X X j R
I
V
Z + = =
Z = + = Z jX R Z
2 2
) (
C L
X X R Z + =
R
X X
arctg
C L
=
i v
=
v
+v
R
+v
L
+v
C
Series RLC Circuit
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Series RLC Circuit
(2nd Order RLC Circuit )
P4.9, R. L. C Series CircuitR = 30OL = 127mHC = 40FSource
. Find 1) X
L
X
C
Z2) and i; 3) and v
R
;
and v
L
; and v
C
; 4) Phasor diagrams;
P4.10Computing by (complex numbers) Phasors I
v
+v
R
+v
L
+v
C
) 20 314 sin( 2 220
o
t v + =
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
R
V
L
V
C
V
=
C L C L
V V L
C
X X When = = = e
e
1
,
V V
R
=
0 = and Series Resonance
Resonance condition
I
L
V
C
V
V V
R
=
LC
f or
LC t
e
2
1 1
0 0
= =
f
0
f
X
C f
X
C
t 2
1
=
fL X
L
t 2 =
Resonance frequency
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Series Resonance (2nd Order RLC Circuit )
R
V
Z
V
I R X X R Z
C L
= = = + =
0
0
2 2
0
) (
Z
min
when V=constant, I=I
max
=I
0
When , R X X
C L
>> = R I X I X I
C L 0 0 0
>> = V V V
C L
>> =
Quality factor Q,
R
X
R
X
V
V
V
V
Q
C L C L
= = = =
C L C L
V V L
C
X X = = = )
1
( e
e
Resonance condition:
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Series Resonance (2nd Order RLC Circuit )
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Series Resonance (2nd Order RLC Circuit )
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Series Resonance (2nd Order RLC Circuit )
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Series Resonance (2nd Order RLC Circuit )
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Series Resonance (2nd Order RLC Circuit )
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Series Resonance (2nd Order RLC Circuit )
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Parallel RLC Circuit
V
+
L
I
+
C
I
( )( )
) (
1
/
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
L R
L
C j
L R
R
C j
L j R L j R
L j R
C j
L j R C j L j R
Y
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e
e e e
+
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
Parallel Resonance
Parallel Resonance frequency
L
CR
LC
2
0
1
1
= e
L
X R <<
In generally )
2
1
(
0
LC
f
t
=
LC
1
0
= e
0 ) (
2 2 2
=
+
L R
L
C
e
e
e When
2 2 2
0
L R
R
Y
e +
=
,
In phase with V
V
L
RC
C
L
R
R
V
L
LC
R
R
V
L R
R
V VY I I ~
+
=
+
=
+
= = =
2 2 2
2 2
0
2
0 0
1
e
Z
max
I
min
:
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Parallel RLC Circuit
V
+
L
I
+
C
I
V
L
C
j
L
V
j
L j R
V I
L
= ~
+
=
0 0
1
e e
V
L
C
j V C j I
C
= =
0
e
0 | | | | | |
0
~ >> = I I I
C L
Z .
RC R
L
Q
0
0
1
e
e
= ~
0
I jQ I
L
=
0
I jQ I
C
=
Quality factor Q,
0 0 0 0
Y
Y
Y
Y
I
I
I
I
Q
C L L C
= = = =
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Parallel RLC Circuit
P4.10,
v
i
i
1
+
i
2
O = O = O = O = 6 , 8 , 4 , 3
2 1 C L
X R X R t v 314 sin 2 220 =
Find i
1
i
2
i
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
Parallel RLC Circuit
Review
For sinusoidal circuit Series
2 1
v v v + =
2 1
V V V + =
2 1
i i i + =
2 1
I I I + =
Two Simple Methods:
Phasor Diagrams and Complex Numbers
Parallel :
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
Key Words:
Bypass Capacitor
RC Phase Difference
Low-Pass and High-Pass Filter
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
P4.11, Let
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
Bypass Capacitor
f 500HzDetermine V
AB
before the C is connected . And V
AB
after
parallel C = 30F
t ft t i t t e 1000 sin 2 10 3 2 sin 2 10 3 sin 2 10 3
3 3 3
= = =
v
i
) ( 30 10 10 3
3
mV Z I V
AB
= = =
) ( 5 . 1 500 10 3
3
V IR V
AB
= = =
Before C is connected
) ( 10
10 30 1000
1
2
1
6
O =
= =
fc
X
C
t
85 . 88 10 10 2 . 0
1 1
1
Z = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
j
jX R
Z
C
After C is connected
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
P4.12,
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
RC Phase Difference
f = 300Hz, R = 100O If
vo
-
vi
= t/4C =
_
v
i
I
1
R=100O
C
5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E
-
|I
1
+
U
1
+
-
|
I
1
+
U
o
o
+
-
o
o
_
v
o
( )
( )
C
arctg V
V
jX R
jX
V
V
C C
X
V V jX I V
V jX R I V
i
o
C
C
i
o
C
o
o v o C o
v i C i
o
i
6
4
10 31 . 5
90
10 31 . 5 1
90 | |
Z
Z
=
=
O
= =
Z = Z = =
Z = =
4
10 31 . 5
2
6
t t
=
=
C
arctg
i o
v v
4
10 31 . 5
6
t
=
C
arctg
0411 . 0
10 31 . 5
6
=
C
F 10 29 . 1
4
= C
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
P4.13, The voltage sources are v
i
=240+100sin2t100t(V), R200O
C50F Determine V
AC
and V
DC
in output voltage v
o
.
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
Low-Pass and High-Pass Filter
_
v
i
I
1
R=200O
C
5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E
-
|I
1
+
U
1
+
-
|
I
1
+
U
o
o
+
-
o
o
_
v
o
C
R
V
V
C
R
e
1
=
C C R
RV X V =
f
X
C
1
V
DC
= 240V
O =
= =
32
10 50 100 2
1
2
1
6
t tfc
X
C
O ~ + = + = 200 32 200
2 2 2 2
C
X R Z
) ( 16 100
200
32
V
Z
V
X V
C AC
= = =
RC---- High-Pass Filter
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
Low-Pass and High-Pass Filter
Time
50ms 55ms 60ms 65ms 70ms 75ms 80ms 85ms 90ms 95ms 100ms
V(2)
220V
230V
240V
250V
260V
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
Low-Pass and High-Pass Filter
Time
50ms 55ms 60ms 65ms 70ms 75ms 80ms 85ms 90ms 95ms 100ms
V(2) V(1)
100V
200V
300V
400V
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
Time
50ms 55ms 60ms 65ms 70ms 75ms 80ms 85ms 90ms 95ms 100ms
V(2) V(1)
100V
200V
300V
400V
SEL>>
Frequency
0Hz 0.2KHz 0.4KHz 0.6KHz 0.8KHz 1.0KHz 1.2KHz 1.4KHz 1.6KHz 1.8KHz 2.0KHz
V(2)
0V
100V
200V
300V
Frequency
0Hz 0.2KHz 0.4KHz 0.6KHz 0.8KHz 1.0KHz 1.2KHz 1.4KHz 1.6KHz 1.8KHz 2.0KHz
V(1)
0V
100V
200V
300V
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
Low-Pass and High-Pass Filter
Frequency
1.0Hz 3.0Hz 10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
V(2)
0V
0.5V
1.0V
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
Time
0s 50ms 100ms 150ms 200ms 250ms 300ms 350ms 400ms 450ms 500ms 550ms 600ms
V(2) V(1)
0V
0.5V
1.0V
SEL>>
Frequency
0Hz 50Hz 100Hz 150Hz 200Hz 250Hz 300Hz 350Hz 400Hz 450Hz 500Hz
V(1)
0V
0.5V
1.0V
V(2)
0V
400mV
800mV
SEL>>
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
Frequency
0Hz 50Hz 100Hz 150Hz 200Hz 250Hz 300Hz 350Hz 400Hz 450Hz 500Hz
V(1)
0V
0.5V
1.0V
V(2)
0V
400mV
800mV
SEL>>
Frequency
0Hz 50Hz 100Hz 150Hz 200Hz 250Hz 300Hz 350Hz 400Hz 450Hz 500Hz
V(2)
0V
0.5V
1.0V
SEL>>
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis
v
1
=120sinet v
2
i
3
+ i
1
+ i
2
P4.14, Find
1
I
2
I
3
I
2
V
v v
Complex Numbers Analysis
Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
V V
o
0 100Z =