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\
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+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+ o + +
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ o +
2 1
e c
s
net
e
v v
W W
v
W
P
) r ( Ln
P P Ln
n
T P
T P
r
r
v
v
P
T R
v
1 2
c
2 1
1 2
1
2
1
1 R
1
4 4 3 3
e
e
2 2 1 1
c
c
v P v P
1 n
1
W
v P v P
1 n
1
W
r = 9,00
n
c
= 1,33
n
e
= 1,30
M
R
= 30,24 kg/kmol
M
P
= 28,73 kg/kmol
R
R
= 0,2749 kJ/kg-K
R
P
= 0,2895 kJ/kg-K
v1 = 0,8859 m
3
/kg
v2 = 0,0984 m
3
/kg
vs = 0,7875 m
3
/kg
P3 = 7352 kPa
W
c
= -257 kJ/kg
W
e
= 1161 kJ/kg
W
net
= 904 kJ/kg
Pe = 1148 kPa
Ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH) is mixed into the air/fuel mixture of a
spark ignition engine in the inlet manifold such that 20 % of
the energy supplied by the fuel is from ethanol. The gasoline
contains 85 % carbon and 15 % hydrogen on a mass basis
and has a molecular weight of 113 kg/kmol. The heating
value of gasoline is 44 MJ/kg. and the heating value of
ethanol is 27 MJ/kg
R
o
= 8.314 kJ/kmol-K
atomic weights; C :12 , H = 1, O: 16
molecular weights; O
2
: 32 , N
2
: 28.16
a) Write chemical equation representing the stoichiometric
combustion reaction based on one mole of mixed fuel
b) Calculate the theoretical air/fuel ratio of the mixture.
c) Calculate the specific gas constant of the mixture.
Ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH) is mixed into the air/fuel mixture of a
spark ignition engine in the inlet manifold such that 20 % of
the energy supplied by the fuel is from ethanol. The gasoline
contains 85 % carbon and 15 % hydrogen on a mass basis
and has a molecular weight of 113 kg/kmol. The heating
value of gasoline is 44 MJ/kg. and the heating value of
ethanol is 27MJ/kg
R
o
= 8.314 kJ/kmol-K
atomic weights; C :12 , H = 1, O: 16
molecular weights; O
2
: 32 , N
2
: 28.16
a) Write chemical equation representing the stoichiometric
combustion reaction based on one mole of mixed fuel
b) Calculate the theoretical air/fuel ratio of the mixture.
c) Calculate the specific gas constant of the mixture.
GIVEN REQUIRED
Fuel : Ethanol+Gasoline
a) x,y,C1,C2
Ethanol : (C
2
H
5
OH)
b) A/F
N1 = 2
c) R
mix
M1 = 6
L1 = 1
MW
E
= 46 kg/kmol
Q
LE
= 27 MJ/kg the heating value of ethanol is 27 MJ/kg
(20 % of the energy supplied by the fuel is from ethanol)
Gasoline : contains 85 % carbon and 15 % hydrogen on a mass basis
C : 0,85
MW
G
= 113 kg/kmol (from Tables)
H : 0,15
Q
LG
= 44 MJ/kg The heating value of gasoline is 44 MJ/kgMJ/kg
O
f
: 0
( )
2 C 1 C y x
16 . 28 . 2 C 32 . 1 C M . y M . x
M and
M
R
R
2 C 1 C F / A or
M . y M . x
16 . 28 . 2 C 32 . 1 C
F / A
1 C 773 . 3 2 C
2
2 L
4
2 M
2 N . y
2
1 L
4
1 M
1 N . x 1 C
x 1 y and
Q . M . 4 Q . M
Q . M
x
Q . M . 4 Q . M . x Q . M
Q . M . x . 4 Q . M . x Q . M
Q . M . x . 4 Q . M ). x 1 (
Q . M . x . 4 Q . M . y
1 y x
products N . 2 C O . 1 C O H yC O H C . x
G E
mix
mix
o
mix
VOL
MASS
G E
LE E LG G
LG G
LE E LG G LG G
LE E LG G LG G
LE E LG G
LE E LG G
'
2 2 2 L 2 M 2 N 1 L 1 M 1 N
+ + +
+ + +
= =
+ =
+
+
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
=
+
=
+ =
=
=
=
= +
+ + +
20 % of the energy supplied by
the fuel is from ethanol
ratio 1:4
x = 0,50
N2= 8,00
y = 0,50
M2= 16,95
C1 = 7,62
L2 = 0,00
C2 = 28,75
A/F = 13,25
mass basis
M
mix
= 30,32 kg/kmol
R
mix
= 0,274 KJ/kg-K
Find the heat loss during combustion for a
diesel engine with fuel (C
10.8
H
18.7
) and
excess air coefficient
a
= 2.3. The
temperature and pressure at the start
of combustion are 950 K and 4500
kPa and at the end of combustion are
1800 K and 6500 kPa respectively.
The combustion efficiency is 0.9 and
the heating value of the fuel is 42500
kJ/kg at 0 K.
GIVEN
P2 = 4500 kPa
P4 = 6500 kPa
T2 = 950 K
T3 = 1800 K
FUEL
N = 10,8
M = 18,7
L = 0
QL = -42500 kJ/kg
Tr = 0 K
o = 2,3
C.Eff. = 0,9
REQUIRED
Qr-p = ?
1
2
3
4
5
'
2 2 2 3 2 2
'
2 2 2 1 L M N
N C O C O H
2
M
CO . N
N C O C O H C
SOLUTION
C1 = 35,59
C2 = 134,29
C3 = 20,12
n
R
= 169,88 kmol/kmolf
n
P
= 174,56 kmol/kmolf
Mwf = 148,3 kg/kmolf
1 C
1
3 C
1 C 773 . 3 2 C
2
L
4
M
N 1 C
o
o
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ o =
a= 2.3.
IF COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY
EXCLUDES HEAT TRANSFER
R P L R P R P
Q Q U U W + = + , A A
T T
R R
'
T T
R P
'
IF COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY
I NCLUDES HEAT TRANSFER
U Q U W
R L P R P
T T
R R
'
T T
R P
'
U n u
R
i i
R
U n u
P i i
P
Int O2 = 724864 kJ/kmolf
Int N2 = 2834132 kJ/kmolf
Delta UR = 3558996 kJ/kmolf
Int CO2 = 671263 kJ/kmolf
Int H2O = 532484 kJ/kmolf
Int O2 = 864006 kJ/kmolf
Int N2 = 5779836 kJ/kmolf
Delta UP = 7847590 kJ/kmolf
R o R P o P P R
T R n T R n W =
R
W
P
=674158,8 kJ/kmolf
Delta UR = 3558996 kJ/kmolf
Delta UP = 7847590 kJ/kmolf
C.EffxQL = 5672475 kJ/kmolf
R
W
P
= 674158,8 kJ/kmolf
Qr-p = -709722 kJ/kmolf
Qr-p = -4786 kj/kg fuel
L R P R P P R
P R P R L P R
Q U W U Q
W U U Q Q
, + A + A =
+ A = A + ,
For a fuel/air Otto cycle the pressure and
temperature at the start of compression are 300 K
and 90 kPa; at the end of compression are
610 K and 1804 kPa ; at the end of
combustion are 2500 K and 8223 kPa and at
the end of expansion are 1317 K and 439 kPa.
The air coefficient is 0.8 and the fuel used is
gasoline (C
8,26
H
15,5
).
a) Find the specific gas constant of the products
of combustion.
b) Find the mean effective pressure for the
cycle.
GIVEN
P1 = 90 kPa
T1 = 300 K
T2 = 610 K
P2 = 1804 kPa
T3 = 2500 K
P3 = 8223 kPa
T4 = 1317 K
P4 = 439 kPa
FUEL
N = 8,26
M = 15,5
L = 0
o = 0,8
REQUIRED
a) R
p
= ?
b) P
e
= ?
1
2
3
4
SOLUTION
'
2 2 2 2 2
'
2 2 2 1 L M N
N C H . d O H . c CO . b CO . a
N C O C O H C
4 C
2
M
5 C
N 2 3 C 4 C
L 1 C 2 3 C
1 C 773 . 3 2 C
)
2
L
4
M
N ( 1 C
=
=
+ =
=
+ o =
C1 = 9,71
C2 = 36,63
C3 = 19,42
C4 = 2,90
C5 = 4,85
b 5 C d
b 4 C c
b N a
A 2
AC 4 B B
b
5 C . N . Kp C
4 C ) 5 C N ( Kp B
1 Kp A
2
=
+ =
=
=
=
+ + =
=
'
2 2 2 2 2
'
2 2 2 1 L M N
N C H . d O H . c CO . b CO . a
N C O C O H C
Log KP = 0,783
KP = 6,07
A = 5,07
B = 82,46
C = 243,27
b = 3,87
a = 4,39
c = 6,77
d = 0,98
n
R
= 47,34 kmol/kmolf
n
P
= 52,64 kmol/kmolf
Mwf = 114,6 kg/kmolf
M
P
= 27,67 kg/kmol
R
P
= 0,3004 kJ /kg-K
M
R
= 30,77 kg/kmol
R
R
= 0,2702 kJ/kg-K
r = 9,86
n
c
= 1,31
n
e
= 1,28
W
c
= -270 kJ/kg
W
e
= 1267 kJ/kg
W
net
= 997 kJ/kg
v
1
= 0,9005 m
3
/kg
v
2
= 0,0914 m
3
/kg
v
s
= 0,8092 m
3
/kg
P
e
= 1232 kPa