Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
or GREEN STUDIES
Ecocriticism is simply
the study of the relationships between literature and the physical environment.
Ecocriticism, as a concept, arose in the late 1970s in the west of the USA through the studies in the literature of the American West and the practice began in the late 1980s. In the UK, it began in the early 1990s. However, it is still an emergent movement and does not have a widely-known set of assumptions, doctrines, or procedures.
There had previously been a critical field known as the study of nature writing until Cheryll Glotfelty revived the term ecocriticism and urged its adoption to this type of criticism in literature.
Ecocriticism in the UK
Ecocriticism in the UK
Jonathan Bate is the founder. He is a professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford.
Ecocriticism in the UK
It goes back to the British Romanticism of the 1790s. So, British ecocritics make the point that many of their concerns were in discussion in the UK before the term ecocriticism existed.
However, there is no single founding figure within ecocriticism who has dominance over ecocritical practice.
What are the differences between the American and British ecocriticism?
Although American and British movements are clearly linked in their aims, they differ in emphasis and ancestry.
The characteristic attitudes of ecocriticism Natural reality Ecocritics reject the notion that everything is socially and/or linguistically constructed. For the ecocritic, nature really exists, out there beyond ourselves. Its physically present as an entity which affects us, and which we can affect, perhaps fatally, if we mistreat it. We cannot reduce Nature to a concept.
Area two: the scenic sublime (forests, lakes, mountains, cliffs, waterfalls) Area three: the countryside (hills, fields, woods)
Area four: the domestic picturesque (parks, gardens, lanes)
Area two: the scenic sublime (forests, lakes, mountains, cliffs, waterfalls) Area three: the countryside (hills, fields, woods)
Area four: the domestic picturesque (parks, gardens, lanes)
Area two: the scenic sublime (forests, lakes, mountains, cliffs, waterfalls) Area three: the countryside (hills, fields, woods)
Area four: the domestic picturesque (parks, gardens, lanes)
The characteristic attitudes of ecocriticism Areas 3 and 4 (the countryside and the domestic picturesque) are often the settings for domestic fiction and lyric poetry which centres upon relationships between human beings.
Area two: the scenic sublime (forests, lakes, mountains, cliffs, waterfalls) Area three: the countryside (hills, fields, woods)
Area four: the domestic picturesque (parks, gardens, lanes)
What is special about the wilderness? The wilderness is entered as if instinctively by those who would find themselves. Remember Moses, Christ, Mohammad
In literary criticism, there has been always a Western cultural tradition of anthropocentric (human-centered) attitudes rather than ecocentric. In ecocriticism, they shift the focus from human-centered to the eco-centered view.
It turns the conventional manner of reading inside out. It switches critical attention from inner to outer.
Setting is brought in from the critical margins to the center of critical discussion.
The characteristic attitudes of ecocriticism Establishing a Green Vocabulary Ecocritics add new kinds of words to balance out an ecological vocabulary in the filed of literary criticism. A great deal of this vocabulary (e.g. ecological footprint) did not exist decades ago, and emphasizes the mainstream direction of this new approach in literary criticism.
Ecocritics give special canonical emphasis to writers who foreground nature as a major part of their subject matter, such as
the American transcendentalists, the British Romantics, the poetry of John Clare, the work of Thomas Hardy and the Georgian poets of the early twentieth century.
Ecocritics revalue nature writing which was marginalized before, e.g. Alfred Leopolds Sand Country Almanac.
Are the values expressed in this text consistent with ecological wisdom?