by Roxana Elena Cismaru and Andreea Mihaela Miu - 10D

Cauciucul natural consta in polimeri corespunzatori compusului organic ,,izopren cu impuritati minore ale altor compusi organici plus apa. Formele de poliizopren, care sunt folositoare ca si cauciucuri naturale, sunt clasificate ca elastomeri. In prezent cauciucul este recoltat in principal sub forma de latex din anumiti arbori.

Natural rubber consists of suitable polymers of the organic compound isoprene with minor impurities of other organic compounds plus water. Forms of polyisoprene that are useful as natural rubbers are classified as elastomers. Currently the rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from certain trees.

Cauciucul natural contine 93-94% hidrocarbura cauciuc (poliizopren) si alte componenete. In extractul acetonic, care este 1,50-3,50%, se gasesc acid oleic, acid linoleic, acid stearic,sterine,glucide,carotinoide. Substantele cu continut de azot prezente in cauciucul natural sunt in principal albuminele si aminoacizii rezultati din descompunerea acestora.

The natural rubber contains 93-94% rubber hydrocarbon (polyisopren) and another components. In the acetonic extract, which is 1,50-3,50, there are oleic acid, stearic acid, sterins, glucides, carotenoids. The substances, which contain nitrogen and can be found in the natural rubber, are mainly albumines and aminoacides, which result from the their breakdown.

Latexul pentru cauciuc este extras din arbori de cauciuc. Perioada de viata economica a arborilor de cauciuc in plantatii este de cca. 32 de ani- pana la 7 ani de faza imatura si 25 de ani de faza productiva. Tipurile de sol trebuie sa conste in tipuri laterice, latericice, tipuri sedimentare, soluri rosii nonlateritice sau aluviale.

Rubber latex is extracted from rubber trees. The economic life period of rubber trees in plantations is around 32 years up to 7 years of immature phase and about 25 years of productive phase. The soil types must consist in laterite, lateritic types, sedimentary types, nonlateritic red or alluvial soils.

Latexul este un coloid lipicios, laptos extras prin incizia in coaja si colectarea in recipiente. Procesul se numeste ,,crestatura. Apoi latexul este rafinat in cauciuc si este gata pentru procesarea comerciala. Cauciucurile naturale sunt folosite considerabil la multe aplicatii si produse, fie singure, fie in combinatie cu alte materiale. In cele mai multe forme utile, acesta are elasticitate ridicata si este extrem de rezistent la apa.

The latex is a sticky, milky colloid drawn off by making incisions into the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels. This process is called "tapping". The latex then is refined into rubber ready for commercial processing. Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials. In most of its useful forms it has high resilience, and is extremely waterproof.

Latexul este polimerul cis-1,4-poliizopren cu o masa moleculara de 100.000 pana la 1.000.000. In mod specific, in cauciucul natural se gaseste un procent mic (pana la 5% masa uscata) de alte materiale, precum proteine, acizi grasi, rasini si materiale anorganice(saruri). Poliizoprenul poate fi de asemenea creat sintetic, producere care uneori se refera la ,,cauciucul natural sintetic, dar ramurile sintetice si naturale sunt complet diferite.

Latex is the polymer cis-1,4-polyisoprene with a molecular weight of 100,000 to 1,000,000. Typically, a small percentage (up to 5% of dry mass) of other materials, such as proteins, fatty acids, resins and inorganic materials (salts) are found in natural rubber. Polyisoprene can also created synthetically, producing what is sometimes referred to as "synthetic natural rubber", but the synthetic and natural routes are completely different.

Cauciucul prezinta proprieteni fizice si chimice unice. Comportamentul tensiune-deformatie al cauciucului prezinta efectul Mullins, efectul Payne and este deseori modelat hiperelastic. Deformatia cauciucului cristalizeaza. Datorita prezentei legaturii duble in fiecare unitate repetitica, cauciucul natural este sensibil la vulcanizare si la cracarea ozonului.

Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. Rubber's stressstrain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect, the Payne effect, and is often modeled as hyperelastic. Rubber strain crystallizes. Owing to the presence of a double bond in each repeat unit, natural rubber is susceptible to vulcanisation and sensitive to ozone cracking.

Este stabil la apa (absorbtia in 24h la 20C este 1%; la 70C 3,5%),nu se dizolva in alcool, acetona, putin solubil in esteri, cetone superioare, se dizolva in toluen, xilen, benzina, tetraclorura de carbon, cloroform, sulfura de carbon. Cauciucul natural este amorf la temperaturi peste 10C; cristalizeaza prin pastarea indelungata la temperaturi sub 10C.

It is stable in water (the absorbtion in 24h at 20C; at 70C- 3,5%), it doesnt solve in alcohol, acetone, carbon, cloroform, carbon sulphide. Thenatural rubber is formless at temperatures over 10C; it crystallizes, if it is kept for a long time at temperatures under 10C.

Exista doi solventi principali ai cauciucului: turpentina si nafta(petroleum). Primul este in uz din 1764 cand Franois Fresnau a facut descoperirea. Lui Giovanni Fabbroni ii revine descoperirea naftei ca un solvent al cauciucului in 1779. Deoarece cauciucul nu se dizolva usor, materialul este fin divizat prin sfaramarea in prealabil a imersiunii. O solutie de amoniac poate fi folosita in prevenirea coagularii latexului brut in timp ce este transportat catre zona de colectare.

There are two main solvents for rubber: turpentine and naphtha (petroleum). The former has been in use since 1764 when Franois Fresnau made the discovery. Giovanni Fabbroni is credited with the discovery of naphtha as a rubber solvent in 1779. Because rubber does not dissolve easily, the material is finely divided by shredding prior to its immersion. An ammonia solution can be used to prevent the coagulation of raw latex while it is being transported from its collection site.

Particulele de cauciuc se formeaza in citoplasma celulelor specializate in producerea de latex, numite laticiferi in randul plantelor sintetizatoare de cauciuc. Particulele de cauciuc sunt inconjurate de membrane singulare fosfolipidice cu parti hidrofobice ascutite in interior.

Rubber particles are formed in the cytoplasm of specialized latex producing cells called laticifers within rubber synthesizing plants.[4] Rubber particles are surrounded by a single phospholipid membrane withhydrophobic tails pointed inward.

Intreaga productie mondiala de cauciuc natural se obtine din plantatiile de arbori de cauciuc (Hevea brasiliensis), ce ocupa aprox. 5,9 mil ha, situate intr-o zona ce nu depaseste 15 fata de ecuator; 92% provine din tarile Asiei (Malaysia, Indonezia, Thailamda, Sri Lanka, India, Kampuchia, Vietnam), 7% din Africa (Nigeria, Liberia, Zair, Camerun, Coasta de Fildes) si 2% din America de Sud (Brazilia).

The whole woldwide producion of natural rubber comes from the rubber trees (Haevea brasiliensis), which occupies 3,9 mil ha, situated in an area, which does not outrun 15 from equator; 92% comes pron the asian states (Malaysia, Indonezia, Thailanda, Sri Lanka, India, Kampuchia, Vietnam), 7% from Africa (Nigeria, Liberia, Zair, Camerum, the Ivory Coast) and 2% from South America (Brasil).

Casificare

1.Cauciucrile de utilizare generala care se folosesc la fabricarea produselor in care se se realizeaza principalele proprietati fizice ale elastomerilor

1. The general use rubbers, which are used for the fabrication of products, which exhibit the physical properties of the elastomers.

2.Cauciucuri cu utilizari speciale intrebuintat la fabricarea produselor care trebuie sa posede rezistenta la diferiti agenti chimici, temperaturi ridicate, temperatura scazuta s.a.

2. The special use rubbers, which are used for the fabrication of the products, which must have the chemical agents, high temperatures, low temperature resistance.

 Multumim! Thank you! Danke!