Luiz Antonio Pereira de Oliveira

C-MADE Centre of Materials and Building Technologies University of Beira Interior Covilh - Portugal

Learn objectives

Civil construction is a important consumer of natural resources

Construction materials consumption in UK is around 6 tone/year.habitant.

Around the metropolitan cities, the sand and natural aggregates begins to be reduced, following the environmental control on the extraction of raw materials.

Civil Construction is an important generator of residues

Debris

Finland demolition materials volume is the double of solid urban waste International values 0.7 a 1 tonne/habitant .year. Clandestine landfill: cause obstructions of water flows and drainage, resulting in inundations In some countries, it is responsible by the mosquitoes proliferations acting as infection vectors

Sustainability and civil construction Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future. "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."[1]
lnternational Council for Building Research and Documentation (CIB) European Construction Industry Federation Civil Engineering Research Foundation (CERF) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Is the environment a preoccupation of the modern man?

The civil construction consume around 2/3 of natural wood of our forests

66 % wood

Raw materials copper and zinc reserves are sufficient only for more 60 years.

Is theEnviroment: environment aa precupation preoccupation of the of the modern modern man? man? Air pollution cement industries generate CO2
1 tonne of cement clinker make more than 600kg of CO2

data on the major global sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by country, from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to the present

Eco-friendly cement industry?

a big potential consumer of wastes from other industries.

Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag

Fly ash (pictured) is a by-product of burning coal.

Management of Urban and Industrial Wastes

Challenges for urban and industrial wastes management

The most knew wastes management in the world

Unsustainable practice

Sustainability and civil construction

Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three constituent parts.

What you can do?

proposed by Kibert and Languell

Recycle & Sustainability

chance to transform a source of costs into source of business or to reduce the deposition costs the productive chain that recycle reduces the used volume of raw materials, preserving the limited natural resources
Environmental impact reduction (in %) of wastes recycle in the production of some constructions materials (KANAYAMA, 1997)
Environmental impact Energy Raw material Water Atmospheric pollutants Water pollution General wastes Mineral wastes Steel 74 90 40 86 76 105 97 54 79 Glass 6 54 50 22 Cement1 40 50 <502 -

1 Replacement of 50% with blast furnace slag 2 CO2

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction Recycling of used tires

The tires are cut and triturated, in some operations of separation of the different materials sprayed or granulated rubber in asphalt mixtures, in coverings of square and sports field

in manufacture of automobile carpet

adhesive, etc.

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Recycling of used tires

development of new technologies of reuse, recycled rubber workmanships of containments in the edges of rivers to prevent collapses; as artificial reefs, in the break-sea construction; in the equipment construction for playgrounds; in the control of erosion etc. fuel in plants of cellulose and paper, cement ovens and thermoelectric central

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction markets for utilization of rubber tires energy generation and asphalt mixtures. 2 at 6 tires/tonnes of asphalt mixture
HEITZMAN (1992) e ZANZOTTO & KENNEPOHL (1996)

asphalt mixtures: incorporation of the tires wet process fine particles of rubber to the asphalt cement are added, "asphalt-rubber" dry process bigger rubber particles substitute part of stone aggregates "bitumen modified with rubber addition"

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

ASTM D 6114: minimum incorporation of 18 - 20% of rubber, on the total binder weight

Requirements for the vulcanized rubber

1. The rubber must be of 100% vulcanized tire. 2. It must be exempt of fabric, wire or of another contaminant material. 3. After the milling, must result a dry dust, not agglutinated, of granulated material with a specific gravity of 1.150.05 (ASTM D 797). 4. The rubber must be enough dries, not having a humidity superior of 2% in weight, so that it flows freely and it does not produce foam problems when mixed with the hot bitumen.

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction The physical characteristics of the bituminous binder after incorporated the rubber and respected the period of reaction of the rubber with the bitumen (minimum 45 min), will have to be the following ones:

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction reuse rubber of used tires as addition in mortars and concrete rubber particles (1,2 mm and < 4 mm) treated with NaOH solution it improves adhesion 5 or 10% of rubber (Segre 1999)

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction Significant improvement of the workability Improvement of mortar cohesion Improvement of ductility

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Project

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Project

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Packings
Use of aluminum present in the milk packing and other foods "long life", after-use, as reflector of heat, to increase the thermal comfort in the constructions.

this is waste?

The aluminum reflect more than 95% of the heat that arrives through radiations, and emits less than 5%, depending on the burnishing state of its surface.

or it is a construction material?

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Packing utilities
Use forms: A- Sub tiles under roofs, in the form of BLANKETS made with the petty cashes open and glue side by side. B-REFLECTING the HEAT and the INCIDENT SOLAR LIGHT, in the form of BLINDS and CURTAINS.

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Plastic recycling
Polyethylene of high density (RHDPE ) Used in the fibres manufacture
The Virginia Tech Polytechnic University

Milk bottles

Fibres dimensions: 19.05 mm to 38.1 mm length, 1.6 mm width and 1 mm thickness tensile strength 44.81 N/mm2

Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction

Plastic recycling Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

UBI Project

Diagrama Carga-Deflexo (63dias)

700 600 500
F[N]

load x deflection

400 300 200 1:1:6 (1.5%fibras) 100 0 0 2 4 L[mm] 6 8 1:1:6 (1%fibras)

Recycling Wastes of Construction and Demolition RCD

metal, glass, paper and plastic are separate in the line of production in the recycle plant.
Debris processed in the recycle plant

debris composition

Recycling Wastes of Construction and Demolition RCD

Sample of fine fraction of debris

Sample of coarse fraction

w/c ratio is high

ceramic materials are responsible by the high water absorption

Recycling Wastes of Construction and Demolition RCD

Strength (MPa)

Samples

Proportions:

Glass Recycling

Glass recycling
ConGlassCrete

alkali silica reaction potentiality aggregates with different colours and sizes
Pozzolanic reaction of glass powder 25 and 100m.
1.6 1.4 1.2
Normal Aggregates Blue Agg. 3-6 mm GGBS/Blue Agg. 3-6 mm Green Pozz./Blue Agg. 3-6 mm PFA/Blue Agg. 3-6 mm

Expansion (%)

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Days in 1 N NaOH solution at 80 oC

Expansion reduction with the use of GBFS, GP and PFA

Glass Recycling
70 60

Compressive strength (MPa)

50 40 30 20
Results from Tarmac-Group, Technical Service

100%PC 90%PC+10%GP 75%PC+25%GP 100%PC+50%GP

10 0 30 60 90 120 Age (days) 150 180

Influence of glass pozolan (GP) in the concrete strength development

Glass Recycling

Glass Recycling

Blocks pavement

Masonry concrete blocks

Master Thesis

1- The evaluation of the use of alternative materials in the roads constructions Evaluation of recyclability of wastes in Portugal; Data collection about of the material performance incorporating wastes in roads constructions; Proposition of recycling system and high value of wastes for roads pavements

Master Thesis

2 - Composition of soil-cement mixtures for roads in Castello Branco rural zone

Elaboration of state of art about the use and production of soil-cement mixtures; Definition of optimal conditions of soil-cement mix design and its application;

Evaluation of PET fibbers reinforced soil-cement behaviour

Technical and economical viability of soil-cement used as pavements of low traffic or rural zones.

PhD Thesis

3 - Contribution to design self compacting concrete

Wastes of rocks cuts - dust of granite used as filler for cement reduction and improves the concrete rheology.

4 - Development of Alkali Activated Binders from AluminoSilicate Mineral Waste

The main objective will consist on the development of new binder solutions using dust mud mineral waste (mainly constituted of alumino-silicates) with following partial objectives: a) Definition of optimal dust mud waste thermal treatment. b) Study of alkaline activators and solutions. c) Study of good mixing and placing conditions

Research project

5 - The urban and industrial wastes recycled as components for mortar and structural concretes.
i. Definition of the glass and ceramics waste types, disposed in some regions of Portugal, appropriated to obtain pozzolanic properties. ii. Study of appropriates fineness through the classification by specific area

iii. Determination of the physical and mechanical properties of the mortars and concretes produced with recycled glass and ceramic waste.
iv. Study of the durability of the concretes with powders obtained from recycled glass and ceramic wastes.

High-alue use

of

wastes

"Nothing it's created, nothing loses...everything is changed

Lavoisier