Chapter 9

USING ANTIMICROBIAL
AGENTS TO CONTROL
MICROBIAL GROWTH IN
VIVO
Definition

 CHEMOTHERAPY- actually refers to the

use of any chemical drug to treat
disease/illness.
 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT- is any
chemical used to treat an infectious
disease, either by inhibiting or killing
pathogens in vivo
 ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS- drug used
to treat bacterial infection
 ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS- used to treat
Definition

 ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS- drugs used

to treat protozoal diseases like
amebiasis
 ANTIVIRAL AGENTS –drug used to
treat viral infection.
 ANTIBIOTIC- is a substance produced
by microorganism that is effective in
killing or inhibiting other
microorganism/pathogens.
THE FIRST ANTIBIOTIC

 ALEXANDER FLEMING who

accidentally discovered the first
antibiotic (Penicillium notatum mold
colonies). It inhibit the growth of
Staphylococcus bacteria.
 Fleming gave the name PENICILLIN as
antibiotic.
IDEAL QUALITIES OF AN
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
The ideal antimicrobial agent
should;
2. Kill or inhibit the growth of
pathogens
3. Cause no damage to the host
4. Cause no allergenic reaction in the
host
5. Be stable when stored in solid or
liquid form
6. Remain in specific tissues in the body
long enough effective
THE 5 MOST COMMON MECHANISM
OF ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

2. Damage of cell membranes
3. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
4. Inhibition of protein synthesis
5. Inhibition of enzyme activity.
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS

NARROW- SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS

Vancomycin can destroy Gram positive
bactria
Nalidixic acid can destroy Gram
negative bacteria
BROAD- SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS
Can destroy both gram positive and
gram negative bacteria.
Ex: ampicillin,
chloramphenicol,tetracycline
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS

EX: Flucynazole use to treat

candidiasis
Ketonazole use to treat
histoplasmosis
Terbinafine use to treat
dermamycosis
Nystatin use to treat mouth
sore(laso)
ANTIVIRAL AGENTS

Acyclovir use to treat Herpes

simplex infections
Abacavir use to treat Human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS

Metronidazole ( Flagyl) : used to treat

amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis

Clindamycin plus quinine : used to treat

Babesiosis
Quinine : used to treat Malaria

Diloxanide furoate: used to Amebiasis

DRUG Resistance

MRSA- Methicillin resistant

Staphylococcus aureus
VRSA – Vancomycin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
VRE- Vancomycin resistant
Enterococcus spp.
MRTB- Multidrug resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Multidrugresistant strains of
Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp.,
Shigella spp,. Neisseria Gonorrheae.
EMPIRIC Therapy

Initiation of therapy before laboratory

results are available. The Physician is
necessary to “guess” the most likely
pathogen and the drug most likely to
be effective.

Example: Culture and Sensitivity Test

( result will be available
after 3 Days)
Specimen for the Culture and
Sensitivity TEst
1. Urine
2. Blood
3. Sputum
4. Dirty wound discharges
5. Vaginal discharges
6. ETA ( endotracheal tube
aspiration)sputum
7. Etc.
 THANK YOU…