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Abutment
Bent cap
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option2-Final.ppt
BT-63 girder
Top of column at midheight of bent cap 30.25'
32.25' 47.0'
24.0' 20.0'
Ground level 4.0' 14.75' 12.75' Top of piles at midheight of pile cap
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option2-Final.ppt
14" concrete-filled steel pipe Bent cap 13.0' 2.0' 30" 4.5' 6.5'
4.5'
5.0' 13.0' 8.5' 2.0' 2.0'
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option2-Final.ppt
Z Pinned bearing X
Z = -6.25'
Z = -6.25
Abutment Bent Extend the pile to the middepth of the pile cap
24.0'
X = 73.5'
X = 75.5'
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X = 84.5'
X = 86.5'
Z Y
15.0'
13.0'
8.5' 4.0' 2.0'
Y = -15.0 Y = -13.0
Y = -4.0 Y = -2.0
Y=0
Views toward X = 0
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option2-Final.ppt
Y = 13.0
Y = 2.0 Y = 4.0
Y = 8.5
X = 80, Y = 0, Z = 0
Z X
Bridge Wizard cannot model the pile and pile cap. These must be modeled (drawn) manually. The pile cap is modeled as a 4.0' deep thick-plate element (element boundaries and all plate nodes are in one plane at the mid-depth of the plate). The piles are frame sections that must be defined before they can be used.
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option2-Final.ppt
Z X Y
next 2 slides
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option2-Final.ppt
Y = - 8.5'
Z View in +X direction Y
bent cap column pile nodes overlapping nodes
top of deck
Z=0
Z X Y
top of column at mid-depth of bent cap at X = 80.0', Y = - 8.5', Z = - 8.25' mid-depth of pile cap in a plane at Z = - 32.25' tops of piles in a plane at cap mid-depth Z = - 32.25'
column pile nodes bottoms of all piles at depth Z = - 47.0' overlapping nodes
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option2-Final.ppt
Open file CSI Bridge file Example2-Two-Equal-Span-Option2.bdb saved at the end of Option 1
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For the rest of this example, the Bridge Wizard will not be used Instead, the CSI command line tabs and sub-tabs in the screen headings will be used. For example:
Sub-tabs
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option2-Final.ppt
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First, remove the fixity (all d.o.f.) at column bases that was used in Option 1
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Bent_fixed_base
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For Option 2 a new Bent named Bent_free_base will be created. The free end of each column base will later be connected to the pile cap foundation.
Bent_free_base
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option2-Final.ppt
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The built-in Base Support options provided by the Bridge Bent Column Data form are only Pinned or Fixed ( the default option is Fixed, as show ). In order to have a Free column base support it is necessary to define and attach a new user-defined Foundation Spring that is free in all 6 d.o.f. This Foundation Spring is a new Component. It will be created in the following slides, and named Column_base_spring.
Bent_free_base
Z Y X
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4.0'
Z = -8.25' Column length: 24.0' ( mid-depth of bent cap to mid-depth of pile cap )
5.0' 22.0'
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Create a new Bent to be named Bent_free_base ( note that Bent_fixed_base already exists )
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The new Bent_free_base has been created, but has not yet been assigned to the bridge model ( to replace the currently assigned Bent_free_base )
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Revising the reaction condition at the base of the bent columns is complete.
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Add a new Frame Section for the 14"-diam concrete-filled steel pipe piles
Review existing Material Properties
Reinforcing steel Structural steel ( default ) 4 ksi concrete ( will be used in piles )
The materials needed for the piles have already available ( no new materials are required )
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Create a Frame Section for the concrete-filled pipe pile ( reference: CSIBridge-EI-multiplier.ppt )
tw = 3/8"
doutside = 14"
Ec = 3708 ksi Note that the steel properties are not entered ( they are needed to compute the SMF )
steel pipe
The program uses the following method to create a Frame Section like this one: 1. Start with a concrete section whose outside diameter is that of the pipe doutside. doutside = 14.0 in 2. Enter a Stiffness Multiplication Factor SMF = 2.297 to increase the EI of the concrete section to that of the filled-pipe section
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Conc_filled_pipe_pile is a fictitious 14"-diam concrete pile section whose stiffness has been increased by a SMF = 2.297 so that it will act as a concrete-filled steel pipe pile section.
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Add a new thick plate Area Section for the 4'-thick pile cap
Use Advanced tab
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Z
X
Bent_free_base
24.0'
Z = -32.25' "Free" bent column base defined by: Column_base_spring (free in 6 d.o.f.)
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Add the pile cap and piles to each column in the Bridge Model
Z
Bent cap: 4.0' x 4.0' x 27.0' ( already in Bridge Model )
Y X
Bent column: 30"-diam x 24.0' ( already in Bridge Model ) Pile cap: 13.0' x 13.0' x 4.0' thick plate element Piles: 14" concrete-filled steel pipe pile
The bent cap, bent columns and the piles have been defined as Frame Sections. The pile cap finite elements have been defined as a thick plate Area Sections.
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Z
8.25'
Draw this pile/cap foundation first, and then copy to other side
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Z Y
Z=0
Z = - 8.25
Z = - 8.25
Z = - 32.25
Z = - 32.25
Z = - 47.0
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Z = - 47.0
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Z X Y
Z = - 8.25
The terms Nodes and Joints mean the same thing, and are used interchangeably.
Z = - 32.25
Z = - 47.0
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Z X Y
nodes at ends of column nodes that will be inserted when pile cap is assembled from plate elements Z = - 32.25
Z = - 47.0 The grid lines will be used to draw thick plate elements that make up the pile cap, and the nine piles. Nodes will be added by the program as these components are drawn.
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Z = - 8.25'
Z = - 32.25'
In order to draw piles and pile cap grid lines will be required at: X = 73.5 , 75.5 , 80.0 , 84.5 , 86.5
Z = - 47.0'
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Uncheck to show Joints This block will remain unchecked so that Joints are visible in the balance of this Exercise
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Use Rubberband Zoom to isolate and expand any selected region in view window
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Start
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Uncheck
Remember these joints are automatically created by CSI Bridge anytime model is Updated
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Even though CSI Bridge inserted many joints ( "nodes" ) no grid lines were drawn through any nodes except the origin at X, Y, Z = 0, 0, 0
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Only the grid lines listed in the Define Grid System Data table are shown
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Note that joints ( "nodes" ) are not automatically created at the grid intersections. Joints are only created when members are drawn ( either in Bridge Wizard or manually ). Additional joints will be added as the cap elements and the piles are drawn.
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If the XZ view is chosen, then the user can "step through" the XZ planes at Y = -2.0 , -4.0 , -8.5 , -13.0 , and -15.0
These are the planes that have been created by drawing the grid lines.
There must be grid lines at these Y locations for the "step through" to be possible
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View of XZ plane
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Use arrows to "step up" or "step down" through Y planes X = 73.5 X = 80 X = 86.5
X=0
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X = 84.5
X = 73.5
Cursor location
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No structure components visible because they have not been drawn yet "X-Z Plane @ Y=-13"
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Y=0
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3 2 1
R3 U3
U2
U1
R1
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For a horizontal element ( on that lies in the structure X-Y plane ) the plate element 1-2-3 local coordinates are oriented as shown:
R2
3 2 Z 1
R3 U3
U2 U1
R1
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The pile cap must be subdivided into enough elements so that there is a joint at each location where "something happens": Pile cap corners Pile-to-cap connections Bent column-to-pile-to-cap connection Bent column
Element
Pile
Pile
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Thick-plate finite elements ( defined earlier as Pile_cap_plate sections ) will be used to model the 13.0' x 13.0' x 4.0' pile cap. The pile cap will be subdivided as shown, which will results in joints at the following points:
Pile
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The sixteen elements will be drawn in the order shown. The program will insert joints as each element is drawn. Note that additional joints along the boundaries ( ) will be created in addition to the joints needed to connect the bent column and the piles to the pile cap.
Z = - 32.25
Z Y
Note the Number (e.g., 1 ) shown in each element is manually added to show drawing sequence. The program assigns its own element number as each is drawn.
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grid lines
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grid lines
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X = 73.5
Y = -2.0
X = 86.5
Y = -15.0
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Left-click mouse this will show joints at the corners of plate element 1 just drawn
Note the Number (e.g., 1 ) shown in each element is manually added to show drawing sequence. The program assigns its own element number as each is drawn.
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Move (not drag) the cursor to this Grid Point and left-click mouse
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Lines added to show previously-drawn element Dotted line appears as cursor is moved until Grid Point is reached
Left-click mouse this will show joints at the corners of plate element 2 just drawn
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Move (not drag) the cursor to this Grid Point and left-click mouse
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3 Left-click mouse this will show joints at the corners of plate element 3 just drawn
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Move (not drag) the cursor to this Grid Point and left-click mouse
Grid point
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4
Grid point
Left-click mouse this will show joints at the corners of plate element 4 just drawn
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First row of four elements that will make up the pile cap plate. Note that joints have been inserted at the corners of each element at the grid points.
Outline of pile cap Repeat for three more rows of four elements each
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Start
Left-click Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
End
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1 Second row of four elements that make up the pile cap plate. Again joints have been inserted at the corners of each element at the grid points.
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Start
Left-click Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
End
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Third row of four elements that make up the pile cap plate.
10
11
12
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End Start
Left-click Left-click Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
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9 Fourth row of four elements that make up the pile cap plate.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
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In Display Options uncheck Area Labels Right click View Panel, select Edit Grid Data to turn off grid lines Z = - 32.25
Z = - 32.25
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Z Y X
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4.0'
Z = - 32.25
Z = - 32.25
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XZ view
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Perspective toggle
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Z = - 32.25
Z = - 47.0
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Use Rubberband Zoom to expand the area where the piles will be drawn
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At Home tab Refresh Window to see the piles and nodes just drawn
What's missing?
There are no boundary restraints at the column bases (as shown, columns are free in all d.o.f.)
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Pile
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Refresh drawing
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Base of column and tops of piles at mid-depth of pile cap Z = -32.25 Tips of piles Z = -47.0
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Z = - 32.25
Z = - 47.0
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Y = -8.5
Step to Y = -8.5 and draw three piles and add boundary restraints as previously shown
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Option 2: Replicate the three piles and boundary restraints at Y = -13.0 to Y = -8.5 and Y = -4.0. This can be done in
1.
Two steps:
Replicate three piles at Y = -13.0 to Y = -8.5 in one step, and then replicate the same piles at Y = -13.0 to Y = -4.0 in a separate step
2.
One step:
Replicate three piles at Y = -13.0 to both Y = -8.5 and Y = -4.0 in a single step.
The one-step replication is possible if spacings between the three lines of piles are the same. Here, the spacings between Y = -13 and Y = -8.5 and between Y = -85. and Y = -4.0 are Y = +4.5 . Note that Y is positive because the " Y steps" will be from Y = -13.0 to
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Select: Three piles, six nodes (at ends of piles), and three boundary restraints
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Selection Step 1
Hold left button down Drag mouse to include the pile, plus the joints at the top and bottom of the pile. Note that the plate corner node cannot be avoided. It will be deselected in Step 4.
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Selection Step 2
Selection Step 3
Selected area
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Selection Step 4
Objects to be replicated
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Y = +4.5 Y = +4.5
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Switch to XZ View
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Perspective toggle
Z X
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Switch to YZ View
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Perspective toggle
View toward X = 0
Y
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Z
Y
5.0
17.0
5.0
Y = +17.0
Just completed
Replicate
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In Home tab:
Turn off Extrude View , select 3-d View , and Rubberband Zoom to get area shown
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Drag mouse from left to right to select pile cap and piles
Be sure to include the plate node at the far corner of the pile cap. Start selection
End selection
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Selected objects: Pile cap (16 finite elements) and nine fixed-base piles
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Replicated objects note that grid lines are not replicated or expanded
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YZ Extrude View
Perspective toggle
Z Y
Z
Y Grid lines
Grid lines
Perspective on
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Perspective off
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Delete all
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Perspective toggle
Perspective on
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Perspective off
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In Home tab, Restore Full View ( Perspective ) and turn off Extrude View
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After the Bridge Model has been updated, switch to the Analysis tab and run an analysis for the DEAD loads
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The model has deflected, but the deflection is a little hard to see
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The deformed shape has been drawn using a very small default Auto Scaling factor
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The magnitude of the scale factor has no physical significance it is just a relative number
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Deflected profile
XZ plane
Deflection at bent due to elastic shortening of the bent columns and the piles
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Z (U3)
X (U1)
U3 = -0.0593 in U3 = -0.2957 in
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Z Y 2
X
1
4913 ft-k
3
Member coordinate system for member laid out from X = 0 to X at the end of the bridge 3107 ft-k
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Compare DEAD load moment diagrams for two column base options
Option 1 Bent columns fixed at bases Option 2 Bent columns on pile foundations ( column extended to mid-depth of pile cap )
4949 ft-k
4913 ft-k
2997 ft-k
3107 ft-k
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Bent column
Right-click on joint
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Use arrows to select Y = - 4.0 ( note that Y position is not shown anywhere on the screen nasty )
Rubberband Zoom
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X = 75.5
Y = - 13.0
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X = 80.0
X = 84.5
164
X = 75.5
X = 80.0
Y = - 8.5
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X = 84.5
165
X = 75.5
X = 80.0
Y = - 4.0
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option2-Final.ppt
X = 84.5
166
52.47 + 55.05 + 52.39 = 159.9 55.09 + 65.87 + 55.01 = 176.0 52.47 + 55.05 + 52.39 = 159.9 495.8 kips
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Select Y = - 8.5 ft
Note: Y position not shown!!
Rubberband zoom
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Axial force near base of bent column ( approximately at top of pile cap )
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Compression forces in piles and in bent column where it connects to the plate element at the mid-depth of the pile cap
Rubberband Zoom
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Pipe weight = 0.1115 ft2/f x 0.495 k/ft3 = 0.0552 k/ft Pile weight per foot = ( 0.1436 + 0.0552 ) k/ft = 0.1988 k/ft Weight per pile = 0.1988 k/ft x 12.75 ft = 2.535 k/pile
Total pile weight = 2.535 k/pile x 9 piles = 22.8 kips doutside = 14"
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Column force near top of pile cap = 372.0 kips (why not use 373.1 kips Slide 176 ??) Pile cap weight = 101.4 kips 496.2 kips downward
Close enough !!
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Save as:
Example2-Two-Equal-Span-Option2.bdb
This is the option just completed in which the two columns bases frame into the pile cap in a pile-cap/piles foundation
Save as:
Example2-Two-Equal-Span-Option3.bdb
This will be the starting point for the next option in which the columns bases are connected to the pile caps by Joint Constraints
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