Geotechnics 3.

Lecturer: Dr. Nguyen Chau Lan Geotechnical engineering lab., UTC E-mail: nguyenlan1981@gmail.com
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Reference Books

Geotechnics 3.3 (contents)

Private

No.

CONTENT
Soil as a construction material

Theory
6

Homework Discussion
1 1

student
hours 15

CHAPTER I I.1 I.2 I.3 CHAPTER II II.1

Compaction - theory, tests, construction

methods, control Dams and embankments Soil improvement - grouting, vertical drains,

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2 2 6 2 2 2 2 15

vibro-floatation, dynamic compaction.

Geosynthetics and soil reinforcement Materials Functions filtration, separation,

II.2

reinforcement, erosion control, drainage in

plane, flow prevention; Reinforced earth walls - analysis and construction 2

II.3

Geotechnics 3.3 (contents)

CHAPTER III III.1 III.2 III.3 III.4 III.5

Soil-structure interaction
Detailed analysis of sheet piled walls Analysis of gravity retaining walls Pile construction techniques and group action Flexible and rigid pipes Deep in-situ walls Total

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2 2 3 3 2

30

24

60

Information for this course

1. Assessment during course work: Attendance: Mid-term assesment: Discussion: 2. Assessment Exams (% of formal assessment): 3. Requirement for student: - Attendance in class is required - Private study will consist of reading and presentation of subject contents. 4. Objectives To gain an understanding of the behaviour of soils in engineering situations where the soil may either cause the load on a structure, be loaded by a structure or form the structure. Common methods of analysis, construction techniques and methods of soil improvement will be covered and the course will concentrate on applying the fundamental principles of soil mechanics to explain the behaviour of the system and the analytical methods. By the end of the module students should be able to analyse common geotechnical problems, devise practical solutions, and have an understanding of soils as construction materials. 30 % 10% 10% 10% 70 %

Recommendation reference:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

text

book

and

Craig, R.F. Soil Mechanics. 6th Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Advanced Soil Mechanics (3rd Edition) by Braja M. Das Principles of Foundation Engineering, Braja M. Das Pile Design and Construction Practice (4th Edition) by M.J. Tomlinson Foundation Design and Analysis (5th Edition) by Joseph E. Bowles Foundation Design Principles and Practices by Coduto, 2E, Prentice Hall (2001).

Olympic of soil mechanic for student

Olympic C hc ton quc ln th 26 d kin c t chc vo thng 4/2014, ti : Hc vin k thut qun s (C hc t) Nm 2013: i trng GTVT t gii 3 ton on 1 SV c gii nh c nhn ton quc. Lch hc n:
Thi gian: 14h00 chiu th 7 hng tun t ngy 7/12/2013 n ngy 15/04/2014

ti Phng 406A3 Hnh thc ng k: - Sinh vin ng k trc tip ti lp hc: - Hoc np ng k qua a ch email: bmdktdhgtvt@gmail.com (km theo cc thng tin: H v tn M SV Lp Kha S in thoi Email) Mi tt c cc bn sinh vin am m, yu thch C hc t ng k tham d.
Mi thng tin lin h: Nguyn Chu Ln ( 0912.533.480) ng Hng Lam (0988.425.999) Nguyn Thi Linh (097.623.1677)

Review of soil mechanics (contents)

Soil texture Soil distribution curve Soil classification Basic Volume/Mass Relationships Permeability Consolidation Shear strength

Soil Mechanics Review

Soil behavior is complex:
Anisotropic Non-homogeneous Non-linear Stress and stress history dependent

Complexity gives rise to the importance of:

Theory Lab tests Field tests Empirical relations Computer applications Experience, Factor of safety
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Soil Texture
Particle size, shape and size distribution
Coarse-textured (Gravel, Sand) Fine-textured (Silt, Clay) Visibility by the naked eye (0.05mm is the approx limit)

Particle size distribution

Sieve analysis (or Gradation Test) Hydrometer analysis for smaller than 0.05 to 0.075 mm (#200 US Standard sieve)

(After Braja Das)

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Particle size distribution curves

d10

d30

d60

Well graded (Cu>3; Cc=1-3) Poorly graded

D60 Cu D10

2 D30 Cc D60 D10

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Particle size distribution curves

Gravel:

Sand: (After Braja Das)

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Basic Volume/Mass Relationships

Moist unit weight = =
Dry unit weight = =

Moisture content= =

Degree of saturation= =
Moisture content= = Void ratio = = Porosity

.100%

The specific gravity of the soil particles (Gs) is given by: = = Gs=
.

Phase diagrams. (After Braja Das)

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Additional Phase Relationships

1) = 1 + 2) = 3) =
. -1 .100% 1+ (+) 1+

4) =

5) =
. 6) =

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Example
The moist weight of 28.3 x 10-4 m3 of soil is 54.27 N. If the moisture content is 12% and the specific gravity of soil solids is 2.72, find the following: a. Moist unit weight (kN/m3) b. Dry unit weight (kN/m3) c. Void ratio d. Porosity e. Degree of saturation (%) f. Volume occupied by water (m3)
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Solution

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Atterberg Limits
Liquid limit (LL): the water content, in percent, at which the soil changes from a liquid to a plastic state.

(After Bjara Das)

Plastic limit (PL): the water content, in percent, at which the soil changes from a plastic to a semisolid state.

Shrinkage limit (SL): the water content, in percent, at which the soil changes from a semisolid to a solid state.
Plasticity index (PI): the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil, PI = LL PL.
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Clay Mineralogy
Clay fraction, clay size particles Particle size < 2 m (.002 mm) Clay minerals Kaolinite, Illite, Montmorillonite (Smectite) - negatively charged, large surface areas Non-clay minerals - e.g. finely ground quartz, feldspar or mica of "clay" size

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Soil Classification Systems

Classification may be based on grain size, genesis, Atterberg Limits, behaviour, etc. In Engineering, descriptive or behaviour based classification is more useful than genetic classification. American Assoc of State Highway & Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Originally proposed in 1945 Classification system based on eight major groups (A-1 to A-8) and a group index Based on grain size distribution, liquid limit and plasticity indices Mainly used for highway subgrades in USA Unified Soil Classification System (UCS) Originally proposed in 1942 by A. Casagrande Classification system pursuant to ASTM Designation D-2487 Classification system based on group symbols and group names The USCS is used in most geotechnical work in Canada
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Soil Classification Systems

Group symbols: G - gravel S - sand M - silt C - clay O - organic silts and clay Pt - peat and highly organic soils H -high plasticity L - low plasticity W - well graded P - poorly graded Group names: several descriptions

Plasticity Chart (After Braja Das)

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Permeability
Flow through soils affect several material properties such as shear strength and compressibility If there were no water in soil, there would be no geotechnical engineering Darcys Law Developed in 1856 Unit flow,
Definition of Darcys Law

h qk L
(After Braja Das)

Where: K = hydraulic conductivity h =difference in piezometric or total head L = length along the drainage path

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Effective Stress
Effective stress is defined as the effective pressure that occurs at a specific point within a soil profile The total stress is carried partially by the pore water and partially by the soil solids, the effective stress, , is defined as the total stress, t, minus the pore water pressure, u, ' = u

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Effective Stress Profile in Soil Deposit

(After Braja Das)

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Example
A layer of saturated clay 4 m thick is overlain by sand 5 m deep, the water table being 3 m below the surface, as shown in Figure. The saturated unit weights of the clay and sand are 19 and 20 kN/m3, respectively; above the water table the (dry) unit weight of the sand is 17 kN/m3. Plot the values of total vertical stress and effective vertical stress against depth. If sand to a height of 1 m above the water table is saturated with capillary water, how are the above stresses affected?

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Solution

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Consolidation
Settlement total amount of settlement Consolidation time dependent settlement Consolidation occurs during the drainage of pore water caused by excess pore water pressure

Principles of consolidation
26 (After Braja Das)

Settlement Calculations
Settlement is calculated using the change in void ratio

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Settlement Calculations

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Consolidation Calculations
Consolidation is calculated using Terzaghis one dimensional consolidation theory Need to determine the rate of dissipation of excess pore water pressures

(After Braja Das)

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Consolidation Calculations

(After Braja Das)

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Shear Strength
Soil strength is measured in terms of shear resistance

Shear resistance is developed on the soil particle contacts Failure occurs in a material when the normal stress and the shear stress reach some limiting combination

= + tan

(After Braja Das)

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Direct shear test

Simple, inexpensive, limited configurations

(After Braja Das)

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Triaxial Test
may be complex, expensive, several configurations

(After Braja Das)

Triaxial test in Kyoto Univ. (Japan)

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Triaxial Test

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Triaxial Test

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Unconfined Compression Test

A special type of unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test in which the confining pressure, 3, is set to zero The axial stress at failure is referred to the unconfined compressive strength, qu (not to be confused with qu) The unconfined shear strength, cu, may be defined as, cu =qu/2

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