Review Perancangan SKO

Power Budget
Power Budget (dB)

Fibre, connectors and splices TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

Fiber Optic Link Power Budget

Fiber Optic Connectors & Splices

Connectors
Demountable terminations for fiber Connect to transmitters and receivers

Splices
Permanent termination of two fibers

Fiber Optic Splices

Permanent terminations for fiber Specifications
Loss Repeatability Environment Reliability Back reflection Ease of termination Cost

Cable, Connector & Splice Testing

Continuity testing with visual tracer/fault locator Insertion loss with source and meter OTDR testing

Point-to-Point Links
Key system requirements needed to analyze optical fiber links: 1. The desired (or possible) transmission distance 2. The data rate or channel bandwidth 3. The bit-error rate (BER)
LED or laser MMF or SMF pin or APD

(a) Emission wavelength (b) Spectral line width (c) Output power (d) Effective radiating area (e) Emission pattern

(a) Core size (b) Core index profile (c) BW or dispersion (d) Attenuation (e) NA or MFD

(a) Responsivity (b) Operating (c) Speed (d) Sensitivity

Selecting the Fiber

Bit rate and distance are the major factors
Other factors to consider: attenuation (depends on?) and distance-bandwidth product (depends on?) cost of the connectors, splicing etc. Then decide Multimode or single mode Step or graded index fiber

Selecting the Optical Source

Emission wavelength depends on acceptable attenuation and dispersion Spectral line width depends on acceptable dispersion (LED wide, LASER narrow) Output power in to the fiber (LED low, LASER high) Stability, reliability and cost Driving circuit considerations

Selecting the detector

Type of detector
APD: High sensitivity but complex, high bias voltage (40V or more) and expensive PIN: Simpler, thermally stable, low bias voltage (5V or less) and less expensive

Responsivity (that depends on the avalanche gain & quantum efficiency) Operating wavelength and spectral selectivity Speed (capacitance) and photosensitive area Sensitivity (depends on noise and gain)

Typical bit rates at different wavelengths

Wavelength LED Systems LASER Systems. 2500 Mb/s.km

800-900 nm 150 Mb/s.km (Typically Multimode Fiber) 1300 nm (Lowest 1500 Mb/s.km dispersion) 1550 nm (Lowest 1200 Mb/s.km Attenuation)

25 Gb/s.km (InGaAsP Laser) Up to 500 Gb/s.km (Best demo)

Design Considerations
Link Power Budget
There is enough power margin in the system to meet the given BER

Rise Time Budget

Each element of the link is fast enough to meet the given bit rate These two budgets give necessary conditions for satisfactory operation

SONET dan SDH

SONET OC-1 OC-3 Bit Rate (Mbps) 51.84 155.52 SDH STM-1

OC-12
OC-24 OC-48 OC-96 OC-192

622.08
1244.16 2488.32 4976.64 9953.28

STM-4
STM-8 STM-16 STM-32 STM-64

Dispersion budget: point-point example

Length of link: 200 km
SMF PMD: 0.1 ps/nm/km Chromatic dispersion: 0.5 ps/nm/km

Speed of link: OC96 ~ 5 Gbps

Pulse width: ?? ps Allowable dispersion with 20% rule: ?? ps

Amplifiers every 50 km
PMD: 1.0 ps

Spectral width: 0.3 nm

Dispersion budgetsame example but at OC48 (continued)

Item
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Description
PMD for 50 km, 0.1 ps/nm/km Material dispersion, 0.5 ps/nm/km Amplifier Total per link (a+b+c) After eight links (8xd)

Amount
?? ps ?? ps ? ps ?? ps ?? ps

Every eighth link requires repeater

Design summary: 200 km OC96 link

Item
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Description
Optical fiber loss at 1310 nm: 250 km length at 0.35 db/km; 0.6 ps/nm/km Splice loss: 10 splices at 0.1 db/splice Connection loss: 20 connections at 0.5 db/connection 4 amplifiers, gain of 20 dB each 1 repeater, gain of 20 dB; n equally spaced repeaters reduces dispersion by factor of n+1 Design margin Total link loss (a)-(f) Transmitter avg. output power Receiver input power (h+g) Receiver dynamic range Receiver specs at BER 10-9 Remaining margin (k-i)

Link Loss
?? dB ?? dB ?? dB ?? dB

Dispersion
?? ps

??

ps

(e) (f) (g) (h) (I) (j) (k) (l)

?? dB ?? dB

?? dB
?? dBm

??

ps

?? dBm ?? ?? dBm ?? dBm ??

ps

ps

?? dB

?? ps

OK

OK

OK

Dispersion budget: point-point example

Length of link: 200 km
SMF PMD: 0.1 ps/nm/km Chromatic dispersion: 0.5 ps/nm/km

Speed of link: OC96 ~ 5 Gbps

Pulse width: 200 ps Allowable dispersion with 20% rule: 40 ps

Amplifiers every 50 km
PMD: 1.0 ps

Spectral width: 0.3 nm

Dispersion budgetsame example but at OC96 (continued)

Item
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Description
PMD for 50 km, 0.1 ps/nm/km Material dispersion, 0.5 ps/nm/km Amplifier Total per link (a+b+c) After four links (4xd)

Amount
1.5 ps 7.5 ps 1 ps 10 ps 40 ps

Design summary: 200 km OC96 link

(a) (b) (c) (d) Optical fiber loss at 1310 nm: 200 km length at 0.35 db/km; 0.6 ps/nm/km Splice loss: 8 splices at 0.1 db/splice Connection loss: 16 connections at 0.5 db/connection 3 amplifiers, gain of 20 dB each 1 repeater, gain of 20 dB; n equally spaced repeaters reduces dispersion by factor of n+1 Design margin Total link loss (a)-(f) Transmitter avg. output power Receiver input power (h+g) Receiver dynamic range Receiver specs at BER 10-9 Remaining margin (k-i) -70 dB -0,8 dB -8 dB 60 dB 3 ps 120 ps

(e) (f) (g) (h) (I) (j) (k) (l)

20 dB -10 dB

-8,8 dB
-10 dBm -18,8 dBm -10 to -25 dBm -25 dBm

61,5 ps

61,5 ps

40 ps

6,2 dB

-21,5 ps

OK

OK

OK