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Earthquakes and its effects on buildings, earthquake zones in India, Architectural design considerations and construction detailing for earthquake resistance.
CONTENTS
1 .What is Earthquake
1.1 The earth and its interior 1.2 Plate tectonics 1.3 The circulation 1.4 What causes Earthquake?
FIGURES LIST
1 .ERTHAUAKE
1.1 INSIDE THE EARTH 1.2 LOCAL CONVECTIVE CURRENTS IN THE MANTLE 1.3 MAJOR TECTONIC PLATES ON THE EARTH S SURFACE 1.4 TYPE OF INTER PLATE BOUNDARIES 1.5 ARRIVAL OF SESMIC WAVES AT A SITE 1.6 THE FOCUS AND EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUKE . 1.7 BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF FOCUS AND EPICENTER OF AN ERTHQUAKE 1.8 BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF FOCUS AND EPICENTER 1.9 GEOGRAFICAL LAYOUT AND TECHTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIS AT INDIA 1.10 SOME PART ERTHQAKES
2 .SESMIC ZONE
2.1 BODY WAVE P & S WAVES 2.2SURFACE WAVE R AND S 2.3 INDIAN SESMIC ZONE MAP OF 1970 2.4 INDIAN SESMIC ZONE MAP AS PER IS 1893-2002 2.5EFFECT OF INERTIA IN A BUILDING WHEN SHAKEN AT ITS BARE 2.6 INERTIA FORCE AND RELATIVE MOTION WITHIN A BUILDING 2.7 PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS OF A BUILDING 2.8 FLO OF SESMIC INERTIA FORCES THROUGH ALL STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 2.9 PARTIAL COLLAPSE OF STON MOSNAORY WALLS DURING 1991 UTTARKASHI (INDIA) 2.10 EARTHQUAKE 2.11 COLLAPSE OF RENFORCED CONCRETE COLLOPSE (AND BUILDING) 2.12 DURING 2001 BHUJ (INDIA)ERTHQUAKE.
Structure of earth:
Inner Core (radius ~1290km), the Outer Core (thickness ~2200km), the Mantle (thickness ~2900km) and the Crust (thickness ~5 to 40km).
Fig:1.1
Convection currents develop in the viscous Mantle, because of prevailing high temperature and pressure gradients between the Crust and the Core, like the convective flow of water when heated in a beaker (Figure 1.2).
Fig:1.2
Three types of inter-plate interactions are the convergent, divergent and transform boundaries (Figure 4), respectively.
Fig:1.4
Fig:1.5
Fig:1.7
Fig:1.8
Fig:1.9
Surface waves
R and L
Fig:1.10
Fig:1.11
Surface Waves Generated due to reflection, refraction & severe vibrations due to which several minute waves are generated at epicenter & these waves travel along the ground surfaces in all direction. Travel just below or along the grounds surface Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side movement Especially damaging to buildings
Fig:2.1
Fig:2.2
Fig:2.3
Fig:2.4
Effect of Deformations in Structures The inertia force experienced by the roof is transferred to the ground via the columns, causing forces in columns
Forces acting on Structures: Three forces in X, Y and Z directions. Usually vertical is managed by the downward forces.
Fig:2.5
Flow of Inertia Forces to Foundations Inertial forces Floor ` slab ` Beams Columns Foundation
Fig:2.5.1
The convective flows of Mantle material cause the Crust and some portion of the Mantle, to slide on the hot molten outer core. This sliding of Earths mass takes place in pieces called Tectonic Plates.
Fig:2.6
three types of inter-plate interactions are the convergent, divergent and transform boundaries (Figure2.6), respectively.
Architectural Features
Fig:2.7
Fig:2.8 Fig:2.9
Architectural Features
Fig:2.10
Fig:2.11
Fig:2.13 Fig:2.12
Fig:2.15
Fig:2.14
Fig:2.17
Fig:2.18
Fig:2.19
EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON DIFFERENT ELEMENTS Surface & subsoil- Many a times buildings are damaged or collapsed due to failure of soil over which they are erected. a) Surface fault & rupture- sometimes fault line with wide gap or rupture or sudden change in level may appear. b) Land slide- seismic forces may trigger massive land slide or avalanche during earthquake damaging building. c) Shaking or back or forth movement of surface- building without strong bond between different elements may not withstand severe vibrations & shaking d) Horizontal waves along the surface e) Liquefaction- due to continuous vibrations & shaking different elements in soil may lose cohesion & particles may disintegrate. Soil behaves as liquid.
Fig:2.20
Fig:2.21
Fig:1.1
Fig:2.24
Fig:2.25
Influence of Openings
Fig:2.25
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Why are Open-Ground Storey Why are Open-Ground Storey Buildings Vulnerable in Buildings Vulnerable in Earthquakes? Earthquakes?
Fig:1.1
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How to Reduce Earthquake Effects on Buildings? Two basic technologies are used to protect from damaging earthquake effect. These are Base isolation devices and seismic dampers. The idea behind base isolation is to detached (isolate) the building from the ground in such a way that earthquake motions are not transmitted up through the building or at least greatly reduced. Seismic dampers are special devices introduced in the building to absorb the energy provided by the ground motion to the building .
Fig:1.1
Questions
1.Explain the various planning aspects and construction systems /techniques which can be integrate as part of buildings design to improve the ability of buildings to withstand the effects of earthquake. 2.Give a brief explanatory note on earthquake zones in india . 3. What are the earthquakes and how do they influence building ?Draw net sketches of various precaution that should be incorporate in the design of buildings to make them earthquake-safe. 4.During earthquake, what factors lead to server damages to the building ?Explain the systems / techniques that a designer has to incorporate in the design of buildings to make buildings resist earthquake. 5. With support of neat sketches recommend the different construction feature that need to The building during earthquake. 6.With support of neat sketches recommend the different construction features that need to be integrate in design of load bearing structures to make them resist the earthquake.